Bis245 Week 5 Lab - Er Diagram and Er Matrix/ Homework-Aid

BIS245 Week 5 Lab - ER Diagram and ER Matrix Click Link Below To Purchase: A. Lab # : BSBA BIS245A-5A B. Lab 5A of 7 : Database design using Visio, and based on data requirements and business rules focusing on normalizing data to third normal form. C. Lab Overview--Scenario/Summary: TCO(s): 2. Given a situation containing entities, business rules, and data requirements, create the conceptual model of the database using a database modeling tool. Scenario: You have been asked to create a database model using the MS Visio Database Model Diagram Template. The purpose of this lab is to provide experience normalizing the database to third normal form based on limited instructions, data requirements, and associated†¦show more content†¦b. One of the issues in denormalized data is that it can result in many-to-many relationships that are not compatible with the relational database. Visio does not allow creation of a many-to-many relationship because of this incompatibility. Therefore, for any many-to-many relationships in your data, you will need to create two one-to-many relationships. See the example below:Page 4 of 5 c. Based on the information from Step 1, create the initial ERD for the College Scheduling database including the many-to-many relationships. If you need assistance to create the entities, refer to labs from Weeks 1 and 2. d. Assign the primary keys and attributes from the data requirements to the proper entities. e. Save the file as YourName_Lab5A.vsd. Step 3: Normalize the database a. While the initial ERD is accurate, if you design a database without deviating from it, you will encounter problems. For example, a course is offered many times. If you use the course code, for example BIS245, as the primary key, you will only be able to list the course once. There are three possible solutions. 1. Assign another primary key, such as an auto-number field, so that the course can be listed multiple times. However, this is not acceptable because it introduces redundancy rather than reducing it. 2. Use a composite primary key consisting of the

The Bowler Hat Visual Culture - 1997 Words

The bowler hat has been a part of visual culture ever since it was designed and created during the reign of Queen Victoria in 1849 for Edward Coke, a British soldier and politician. Since then the bowler hat has become symbolic in visual and popular culture, being featured in books, films and logos, as well as being used within politics in order to relate to other classes, as well as bypassing gender stereotypes. These hats were originally used as head protection for gamekeepers as their previous headgear – the passing trees kept knocking off the top hat as they rode on horseback. The hat itself became popularised with almost all classes, bypassing the stereotypes that had been present beforehand, which coincidentally has occurred in the form of bypassing gender stereotypes as well. The bowler hat has become a prominent feature in films, books and logos. A notable character that wears one is Oddjob (pictured on the right) who owns a steel rimmed bowler hat that is sharp enough to decapitate a statue. This has been said to represent the idea of him resisting and throwing back the idea of oppression, fighting back and taking a stand against a higher power. â€Å"†¦Oddjob flings back at his Western adversaries the murderousness of their own culture† (Robinson, 1993). This description made by Robinson highlights the power that the hat itself resembles – it holds the power to reverse traditional roles that the hat originally represented. Likewise, in a Clockwork Orange by AnthonyShow MoreRelatedHip Hop vs Punk1052 Words   |  5 Pagesto a few varieties among Hip Hop fashion according to their respective generations and choice of self-expression through the four pillars of Hip Hop which are Bboying (dance), MC/Rap (music), DJ (music) and Graffiti Art (visual art). The varieties of fashion within the Punk culture differ from Hip Hop in a different aspect. While Hip Hop’s fashion alternatives were born from historical factors within the cultural aspects, Punk’s sense of fashion stems from the different mentalities that exist withinRead MoreHow Fashion Is Seen as a Performative Art1084 Words   |  5 Pagesexpressions, and reproduce consumer capitalist values. Madonna stands as a prime example to illustrate how a pop star can play with and challenge conventional notions of gender and sexuality through her cunning use of clothes, haircuts, accessories, and visual imagery( Gindt 2011).Noel McLaughin states that it is not about the performance, but it is about the clothing that is in performance.( cited in Gindt 2011,pg 427). It is about how fashion and clothing is portrayed on stage, films, or music video’sRead MorePersonal Movement : Bob Fosse1084 Words   |  5 Pagescomedic center of his work. He never truly meant to make fun of distinctive cultures by utilizing their forms, but because of the circumstance that he never formally trained in these various cultural practices or studied their form and meaning, he used them in his choreography, which almost always used either sexual content or comedy, his choreography is a misrepresentation because it does not properly embody the cultures. Of Norwegian and Irish descent, Bob was the fifth of six children born intoRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play Waiting For Godot 994 Words   |  4 Pagesand Irwin are authentic, which gives a blend of traditional Irishness of the play, especially since Godot was an Irish citizen working on this play in France in the late 1940s: â€Å"The sameness and otherness of France as a country, due to its diverse culture, had to offer this Irish citizen† (Feitsch 6). Of course, the post-WWII era of France is important in this play because Beckett visited the country when writing the manuscript for Waiting for Godot, but only to witness the devastation of aerial bombingRead MoreEssay about Film Analysis of All That Heaven Allows1806 Words   |  8 Pagesnow regarded as a master of mise-en-scene, one of the few tools left to a director working within the constraints of the Hollywood studio/institutional system who is now thought to have been highly critical of American mainstream culture and society in this prosperous era. 1, 2 The Golden Rain Tree sequence occurs early on in the film after the opening panoramic, establishing shot - showing the scene of the action, a small middle-class New England town in autumn. TheRead MoreEasy Rider and the Phenomenon of the 1960s Counterculture Teenpic3130 Words   |  13 PagesSan Diegos Haight suburb. But it was not necessarily just the youth of the day that were part of this social rejection. The last half of the 1960s saw the emergence of seemingly new cultures among young people, which were promptly collapsed under the label youth culture by adults. Even so, these cultures were neither entirely novel, nor limited to young people, nor so homogeneous as to be described by one label. (Grans, Comparative Analysis) Part of what made this movement so distinguishableRead MoreCounter-Culture Youth Pic Essay3079 Words   |  13 PagesBut it was not necessarily just the youth of the day that were part of this social rejection. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"The last half of the 1960’s saw the emergence of seemingly new cultures among young people, which were promptly collapsed under the label youth culture by adults. Even so, these cultures were neither entirely novel, nor limited to young people, nor so homogeneous as to be described by one label.† (Grans, Comparative Analysis) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Part of what madeRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBehavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesthe Western Hemisphere before Columbus, Columbus was the principal European who caused large numbers of other Europeans to follow him to the hemisphere. He was integral in causing the Western hemisphere to now have its long history of European culture. He brought new technology and new religion that spread throughout the hemisphere. He sent attack dogs to maul naked Indians, seized Caribbean women as sex slaves, and disemboweled other natives who resisted conquest. Many were hanged, some were

People Management Decision Making Approaches

Question: Discuss about thePeople Management for Decision Making Approaches. Answer: Discussion: The understanding gained from the detailed analysis of the case study and the theories used to evaluate the concepts behind the decision making approaches by the management and HR of the organization, it can be said that there occurred managerial as well as ethical dilemma in the organization. It can be said that every organization has cross functional groups and the groups are based on a number of employees who have different abilities and performance capabilities. . The decision taken by the management created an obstacle among the employees. As a result of which there has been lack of support and trust that has ultimately lead to reluctance and a behavioral approach where the employees were not much concerned about their contribution towards the organization. The management might have undertaken other decisions where each and every employee would have got equal opportunity of performance and it is only on the basis of their performance, a decision of new leaders could be taken. On the other hand, the importance of communication in an organization cannot be neglected. It falls under the responsibility of the management to communicate each step of action in the organization and any major decision shall be taken only with the consent of the employees who are the backbones and the pillars of an organization. In addition to these, motivating the employees is very important part of operation of a business. When employees are motivated, they are expected to give better result in terms of their work and performance.

Knowledge Of The Concept of Resistance to Change †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Knowledge Of Resistance to Change. Answer: Introduction This report has been executed on the topic Resistance to change in which discussion will be made regarding the resistance to change faced by the organisation. The business environment is dynamic and employees may resist accepting these changes taking place in the business environment. Organisation adopts changes for enhancing the performance of the business. An important issue or challenge which is faced by the business is resistance to change from the employees. Different individuals behave differently for the changes which business is planning to implement for the betterment of the business. Different factors are responsible for the resistance to change by the employees or different individuals in an organisation. These factors determine the behaviour of the people towards the change. Change management is an important aspect which helps the business in implementing the change in an effective manner. This report will develop knowledge of the concept of resistance to change and factors which contribute towards resistance to change. Impact of the resistance to change can be seen on the performance of the business. This impact of resistance to change will be discussed in this report. Business needs to adopt strategies or approaches which help in dealing with resistance to change. Resistance to change Organisations are operating in a dynamic environment where changes are occurring at a very fast speed. These changing aspects create pressure on the business to adopt the change for conducting operations of the business effectively. Business needs to adopt the change or adopt the concept of change management for coping with the changing aspects of business environment. Change has been defined as an important for business which enhances the performance of the business. Adaptation of change forms a base for the survival of the business. Change management has become an important aspect of the business environment (Agboola Salawu, 2011). According to Goksoy, et. al. (2012), change management has been considered as an advantage for the business which promotes growth and expansion. There are different reasons responsible for the implementation of change and these reasons include technological advancements, increase in competition, change in financial condition and economic condition. Resistance to change is a challenge which affects the process of implementation of change in the organisation. Business needs to analyse this resistance to change along with the reasons responsible for the resistance to change. An important element which affects the process of change management is resistance to change. The term resistance to change can be defined as the action of an individual or group of individuals opposes to a change which is taking place as a threat to the individual or group of individuals. Resistance to change is an important challenge which affects the growth and expansion of the business adversely. Organisations are adopting changes with a motive to gain a competitive advantage over the others in the industry. Changes are implemented for enhancing the performance of the business but the business may face resistance from different individuals or group of individuals (Boohene Williams, 2012). Resistance to change is the action of the employee of the business which is affecting the change management process of the business. Resistance to change is a negative attitude of individual or group of the individual which is against the decision of implementing a change. Different assumptions have been made regarding the impact of resistance to change. There are different factors responsible for the failure of decision for change management and implementation. Resistance to change is one of the most important factors behind the failure of decision for implementation of change in an organisation (Vasanji, 2016). In the words of Serban Iorga (2016), resistance to change is a crucial challenge which is affecting the stability of the business. Different types of changes are being implemented by the organisation for coping with the changing complexities of the environment. These changes can be cultural change or structural change. Level of the change differs from organisation to organisation. Every organisation expects resistance while implementing change due to various factors. This resistance results in failure of the decisions and affects the decisions of the business. There is a need to explain the benefits associated with the implementation of change to the employees or individual resisting to change. Resistance to change holds the power of delay, hinder or slow down the implementation of the change process. Resistance to change develops a negative attitude in the individuals or group of individuals towards the change. Different reasons are responsible for developing this negative attitude among the individuals or group of individuals. These reasons include misunderstanding of the reason behind the change, unknown fear, loss of status or loss of comfort (Khan, et. al., 2017). Changing environment demands change in the business and its manner of conducting operations for becoming more streamlined. Resistance can create a no-win situation which is against the objectives of the business. Resistance makes it difficult to implement the changes and creates an adverse impact on the performance of the business. It can affect the efforts made by the organisation for the change management. For the successful implementation of the change, the organisation needs to gain the support of the employees. The motive behind the implementation of the change is to stay competitive and as per the changing business environment (Kebapci Erkal, 2009). For example, Uber cab service provider has faced resistance to change from the industry. With the change in the technology, Uber offered online cab services in which cabs in the area are booked by using an application. This innovation of Uber has affected the performance of traditional taxi companies who resisted to the change impl emented by Uber (Bouquet Renault, 2014). The focus of the organisations is on reducing the resistance to change for the implementation of the change in an effective manner. Different individuals have different views regarding the change which forms a base for the resistance to change. These different views of the different individuals affect the change management and overall performance of the business. There are various factors which need to be considered as these factors are responsible for the resistance to change in an organisation. Resistance to change affects the change management process as well as reduces the growth and expansion of the business. For the purpose of coping with the resistance to change, there is a need to implement strategies or approaches. These approaches need to be applied as per the need of the business. Changes are good for business and enhance the performance of the business. Communication process needs to be improved as weak communication process increases the chances of resistance to change ( Toribio Hernandez, 2011). For example, Avon has faced resistance to change as Avon has faced a decline in the prices of stock. New CEO was appointed in the year 2012 for overcoming from this adverse situation. Due to the resistance to implement the desired change for enhancing the performance, performance of Avon has affected at large (Trefis, 2015). Factors contributing to resistance to change Change management decisions are taken by the business for enhancing the capabilities of the business. It is vital to gain the support of the employees and internal stakeholders of the business for implementing change. Resistance to change in a huge challenge which can result in failure of the decision made by the business as well as affects the internal environment of the business at large. Resistance to change can be due to various reasons which need to be analysed for overcoming the challenge and eliminating the impact of resistance to change. There are various factors which have contributed towards the resistance to change in an organisation. These factors which increase the chances of resistance to change in an organisation are fear of losing job, unknown fears, lack of safety, attitude, values and principles of the individual, economic considerations, habits of the employees, culture of the organisation, lack of communication process and engagement of employees which increases m iscommunication, lack of trust and poor timings (Y?lmaz K?l?o?lu, 2013). Lack of an effective communication process in an organisation affects the change management process and contributes to resistance to change. This factor affects the flow of information among the employees which affects the thoughts and decisions of the individual. Due to this lack of an effective communication process, employees resist to change. Habits of the employees determine their attitude towards the change business is implementing. Implementation of change includes a change in the manner operations are executed. This affects the habits of the individual which results in resistance to change. Communication is an important aspect which helps in engaging the employees in the operations of the business. The decision of the organisation regarding the implementation of the change may get affected due to the poor timing for change implementation selected by the organisation. The organisation needs to decide proper timings for the implementation of change so as to ensure it is not fac ing the situation of resistance (Zafar Naveed, 2014). Employees fear of losing the job which forms the basis for resistance to change. With the change implementation, a business may need to change the manner in which it is operating. This aspect of the process of change management develops a fear of loss of job among the employees. Trust is developed when there is a proper communication between the employees and organisation. Lack of trust between organisation and employees increases the chances of resistance to change (Khan, et. al., 2017). A misunderstanding between the organisation and employees affects their attitude and behaviour towards the change. Uncertainty among the employees regarding the operations or the changes increases fears among the employees. Companies need to provide a clear view to the employees for encouraging them to participate in the change management process and eliminating the chances of resistance to change. There are chances when an organisation takes decision-related to change in the resources of the busine ss. This aspect develops fear among the employees due to which they resist to change business plans to implement (Tavakolia, 2010). Change in the business processes may develop a sense of lack of safety among the employees. For gaining a competitive advantage over the others in the industry, business needs to develop a sense of safety in the mind of employees. This sense of lack of safety has the potential to slow down the process of change implementation. Uncertainty and insecurity affect the satisfaction level of the employees which affects the change management process. Employees may fear of losing their freedom due to the implementation of change. Another fear related to a reduction in the pay of the employees may develop among the employees. This can affect the chances of success of the decision related to change management. Employees may feel that they may cost their power for supporting the change management process. Knowledge and skills of the employees can also act the process as it can act as a factor for resistance to change (Yang, 2014). The culture of the business also affects the change management process as culture shapes the behaviour and attitude of the employees towards the business. Structural changes in the organisation can also affect the decision of change management. Flexibility promotes the implementation of change in a better manner and on the contrary, lack of flexibility in the organisation adds on to the chances of resistance to change. Resistance can be in different forms affecting the change management process. These different forms of resistance include blind resistance, political resistance and ideological resistance (Karnes, 2009). Impact of resistance to change An organisation goes through many changes in the normal course of business. The employees of the organisation have to adapt to these changes which often create pressures on them. Changes bring resistance in the employees and it has a huge impact on the organisation and its overall functioning. Resistance to change can create job dissatisfaction and high employee turnover. According to Struijs (2012), there is a positive relationship between resistance to change and the turnover of employees. The author conducted a survey which showed that job satisfaction plays a main role in the turnover intention of employees and resistance to change. The employees who experience more resistance to change were less satisfied with their jobs in comparison to those who experience lesser resistance to change in the organisation. Resistance to change affects the satisfaction level of the employees along with the quality of the tasks performed by the employees (Grunberg, et al, 2008). Resistance to change has some negative effects on the organisation and on the individuals as well. The organisation whose employees have more resistant to change often depletes the overall performance of the organisation. More requirements of changes from the employees deplete their morale and ultimately, the performance of the workers. They tend to lose their trust from the employer and intend to leave their jobs. Resistance to change also creates disruptive work environment (Struijs, 2012). The employees who create resistance to the changes required may spread the negativity in the other staff members which can create huge unrest in the employees. It also increases the expenditures of the organisation in providing training, implementing new tools and techniques and in the process of making the changed procedures a success. The uncertain change in the organisation creates chronic work stress in the individuals and makes them think of leaving the organisation. It has a great impact o n the attitudes of the workers. The leaders need to understand the impact it could have on the employees (McLaren and Dunn, 2016). Change is evident in the business organisation which is not a problem but resistance to change is a big problem. It is needed for the survival of organisation and to have a competitive advantage in the industry. The fear of change may create the misunderstandings between the management and the employees. The organisation should plan in advance to overcome such situations. Trust and engagement of employees play a very important role while implementing changes in the organisation. The employers need to think on the psychological well-being of the employees and to involve them actively to bring success in the workplace (Holten and Brenner, 2015). Coordination among the employees is required for the purpose of implementing the change. Lack of coordination among the employees affects the change implementation process. This can increase the chances of disputes among the employees due to differences in the thoughts and views. This can result in miscommunication among the employees and increases the chances of conflicts in the internal stakeholders of the business. Morale of the employees also gets affected due to the resistance to change (Karnes, 2009). Views of the individual affect others in the organisation. Groups may get formed in the organisation for resisting the change and affecting the speed of change implementation. Lower morale of the employees can affect their performance and organisational strength. It can affect team spirit and teamwork as different individuals have different views. Teamwork is required for implementing change in a proper manner. Lack of teamwork and team spirit will result in disputes among the tea m and affects the quality of performance (Fong, et. al., 2011). Another impact of resistance to change is increase in the employee turnover rates. Employees who are resisting to change need to understand the reason behind the change. Lack of support from the employees for implementing change can develop negative environment. For eliminating this negativity, a business may take actions against the employees who are resisting to change. Negative attitude of the employees affects the behaviour of the employees towards the change. It is crucial to overcome these factors as these affect the change management process. Change management is dependent on the support from the internal stakeholders of the business. Negative attitude of an employee affects the attitude of others in the organisation (Beshtawi Jaaron, 2014). Management of resistance to change It is vital to gain the confidence of employees for implementing change as a process of change management is possible only with the support of employees. There is a need to explain the reason behind the change, business is planning to implement to employees. Management needs to be done of the resistance of change for ensuring that business decisions of change implementation are not getting affected. For the purpose of management of the resistance to change, there is a need to adopt strategies or measures. These strategies or measures will help the business in coping with the factors resulting in resistance to change. These strategies or measures for managing resistance to change include conducting training programs, adopting effective communication process, using motivation, enhancing participation of employees, a delegation of tasks of change management process and conducting one-on-one sessions for presenting a clear view and discussing the need to change with the employees (Katsar os, et. al., 2014). Training programs need to be conducted for the purpose of making them aware of the change and preparing them for accepting the change. The motive behind conducting training program is to educate the employees of the organisation regarding the change management program. Change can be of different types and employees need to be aware of these different types of changes for providing their support for the change management process. Resistance can be removed or eliminated with the application of training programs. The training session will help in clearing out the doubts of the employees regarding the change. The training program will develop positive attitude in the employees for ensuring that employees are supporting the decision of change (Pohankov, 2010). A delegation of tasks of change management process will enhance the satisfaction level of the employees as well as develops a sense of belongingness among the employees. Every organisation must engage the employees in the change management process. This will enhance their attitude towards the change which business is implementing (Nickols, 2016). For example, Google has split up under the alphabet umbrella. Different goals have been set for every company so as to focus on the individual goals. For gaining support from the employees, Google explained the importance of change to the employees and set employees free for focusing on their productivity and attainment of the missions (Troyani, 2017). Adopting effective communication process can enhance the relationship between the employees and organisation. Communication process will help the organisation in promoting transparency in the organisation. It is crucial to make the employees aware of the change and the motive behind the change. This will help the business is eliminating the fear related to job loss, lack of safety and loss of freedom. Communication process will contribute towards the better coordination among the employees of the organisation. Communication process will help in engaging the employees in the decision making process and change which organisation is planning (Rajput Novitskaya, 2013). Using motivation will help organisation is encouraging the employees to ensure that change is implemented effectively. Motivational techniques will help in changing the behaviour of the employees towards the change. Change is necessary for the business and for the attainment of the objective, the motivational technique can be used. The motivational technique will enhance the performance as well as ensures that employees are performing as per the expectations or plans of the business (Pohankov, 2010). Enhancing participation of employees or engaging the employees in the discussion making process of the business enhance their satisfaction level. Satisfied workforce performs in a better manner. For the implementation of change in an effective manner, there is a need to promote participation of the employees in the change management process. Roles and responsibilities need to be clearly defined for making the employees aware of the change and role they have to perform (Husain, 2013). An organisation can conduct meetings, one-on-one sessions for presenting a clear view and making the employees aware of the need of change. The organisation needs to discuss the need to implement change to the employees. This will help in encouraging them to work for implementation of the change in a better manner. One-on-one sessions and meetings will help in communicating with the employees in a better manner and promoting coordination among the employees (Toribio Hernandez, 2011). For example, British Airways appointed a new chairperson for the purpose of enhancing profits of the company. New chairperson decided to engage in the restructuring process for enhancing the performance. For coping with the resistance to change, it has discussed the change with its employees for gaining their support (Faucheux, 2015). Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that one of the most important challenges which is faced by the business is resistance to change. With the change in the technology, business environment and level of competition in the industry, companies are implementing changes for coping with the changes. During this process of change management, resistance to change affects the whole process at large. There are various factors due to which chances of resistance to change faced an organisation increases. These factors need to be identified by the business for reducing or eliminating the impact of these factors. The organisation must develop trust among the employees for enhancing their participation in the change management process. A sense of safety needs to be developed among the employees for encouraging them to perform in a better manner and supporting the decision of change management of the business. Impact of resistance to change can be seen on the performance of the individual employee, performance of the business, the satisfaction level of the employees, coordination among the employees, lower morale, depleting workplace environment and negative attitude of the employees. For enhancing the change management process, there is a need to adopt strategies including training sessions, effective communication process, motivation, the participation of employees, a delegation of change and conducting one-on-one sessions for presenting a clear view. References Agboola, A.A. Salawu, Raflu O. (2011). Managing Deviant Behavior and Resistance to Change. International Journal of Business Management, 6(1), 235-242. Beshtawi, M. Jaaron, A. (2014). Change Management in Telecommunication Sector: a Managerial Framework. Review of Contemporary Business Research, 3(1). 127-141. Boohene, R. Williams, A. A. (2012). Resistance to Organisational Change: A Case Study of Oti Yeboah Complex Limited. International Business and Management, 4(1), 135-14. Bouquet, C. Renault, C. (2014). Uber: Example of resistance to change. Business Report. Faucheux, M. (2015). Examples of Change Management Plans That Worked. Bright Hub Project Management. Fong, L. W., Ting, L. W., Hui, N. M., Ying, S. H. Ee, T. S. (2011). The Impacts Of Organizational Change Towards Employees Performance In Banking Industry. Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman. Goksoy, A., Ozsoy, B., Vayvay, O. (2012). Business Process Reengineering: Strategic Tool for Managing Organizational Change an Application in a Multinational Company. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(2), 89112. Grunberg, L., Moore, S., Greenberg, E.S. and Sikora, P. (2008). The changing workplace and its effects: a longitudinal examination of employee responses at a large company. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science,44(2), 215-236. Holten, A.L. and Brenner, S.O. (2015). Leadership style and the process of organizational change.Leadership Organization Development Journal,36(1), 2-16. Husain, Z. (2013). Effective communication brings successful organizational change. The Business Management Review, 3(2). Karnes, R. (2009). A Change in Business Ethics: The Impact on EmployerEmployee Relations.Journal of Business Ethics, 87(2), 189197. Katsaros, K. K., Tsirikas, A. N. Bani, S. N. (2014). Exploring employees perceptions, job-related attitudes and characteristics during a planned organizational change. Int. Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, 9(1). Kebapci, S. Erkal, H. (2009). Resistance to Change A Construcive Approach for Managing Resistant Behaviors. BBS. Khan, S. T., Raza, S. S. George, S. (2017). Resistance to Change in Organizations: A Case of General Motors and Nokia. International Journal of Research in Management, Economics and Commerce, 07(1), 16-25. McLaren, S.V. and Dunn, L. (2016). Impact of change on Attitudes, Skills and Professional Learning Requirements. The University of Edinburgh. Nickols, F. (2016). Four Strategies for Managing Change. Nickols. Pohankov, A. (2010). Motivation and Decision-Making Process In Managing Change Within The Organization. Human Resources Management Ergonomics, 4(2). Rajput, M. Novitskaya, A. (2013). Role of Organizational Culture in Creating Readiness for Change Project. Umea University. Serban, A. Iorga, C. (2016). Employee Resistance To Organizational Change Through Managerial Reengineering. Proceedings of the 10th International Management Conference. Struijs, P.C. (2012). Resistance to organizational change: The effect on job satisfaction and turnover intention and the moderating effect of emotion regulation strategies.Tilburg University. Tavakolia, M. (2010). A positive approach to stress, resistance, and organizational change. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 5, 17941798. Toribio, C. T. Hernandez, R. G., (2011). Coping With Resistance to Change in Organisations. Linnaeus University. Trefis. (2015). Avon's Resistance To Change Led To Its Downfall. Forbes. Troyani, L. (2017). 3 Examples Of Organizational Change Done Right. TinyPulse. Vasanji, L. R. (2016). Managing Resistance To Change In Kenyan Small And Medium Enterprises: A Case Of Kenbro Industries Ltd. United States International University-Africa. Winston Noronha. (2012). Resistance to change. Winston Noronha. Yang, X. (2014,).Resistance to Organizational Change and the Value of Communication: the case of Volvo Cars Human Resources Department. University of Gothenburg. Y?lmaz, D. K?l?o?lu, G. (2013). Resistance to change and ways of reducing resistance in educational organizations. European Journal of Research on Education, 1(1), 14-21. Zafar, F. Naveed, K. (2014). Organizational Change and Dealing with Employees Resistance. International Journal of Management Excellence, 2(3).

How Does Magnetic Train Works

Introduction With the changes in information technology, a lot is expected from scientists and engineers on what they will do to facilitate change. There are many changes in terms of transport and communication, which remain to be vital in today’s society. Globalization has even increased the need to travel as well as uses the least possible time to ensure a person reaches their destination faster.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Magnetic Train Works specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Airplanes have been considered to be the fastest means of transportation and most convenient for overseas travel. However, there are a number of challenges; cost and safety are among them. Even though most people who have to go abroad travel by plane, many admit that they use airplanes simply because they do not have a better alternative. There is however good news in the transportation industry following the invention of the magnetic trains. This technology uses the attraction and repelling nature of magnets to move a machine. The paper will be focusing on magnetic technology and its effective use to ease the move of transport across the globe. History Rail transport has undergone a lot of change over the years. The earliest trains used fossil fuels to aid their movement. Through such a technology, coal and such similar fuels would be used to generate the needed energy to make the train move. Even though the technology is still common especially where there is no inadequate technology, its use has diminished. Petrol or diesel has never been preferred to rail transport considering its cost and the fact that it is not easily accessible. The engines that are used to move trains are also heavy and this would require large tanks of fuel, which may never be adequate. Fuelling such trains would be quite a challenge taking into consideration the fact that most trains are preferred for long distance trav elling and transportation of cargo. People who travel far have considered rail transport to be the best option at a cheaper cost. The main challenge has however been the speed of the trains, which makes travellers spend quite some time on the rails. To solve the issue of speed, electric trains were invented and they work using electronic forces (Sadiku Akujuobi, 2006). The train still operates using the engine yet the engine is mainly used to control the speed and ensure that the vehicle stops whenever necessary. Electric wires are connected to the train and supply the energy needed to move the train. However, such a technology can only work when there is adequate supply of electricity. It means that those people living in remote areas cannot access such a vital service.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In most developing nations of Asia, electric power is used alongside fossil fuel to move the train. This ensures that the trains keep on moving even when they have left areas that are connected to electricity. Magnetic train is the newest technology that has already been tested in Japan and Germany. This transport mode is as fast as any Boeing aeroplane. This is done by the use of a simple technology that will be cost effective and will save much on the environment once it has been implemented. The technical process of magnetic trains works through electronic process as highlighted below. Magnetic trains have been introduced to save on the issues of cost, time and maintenance. We realise that when it comes to transport, the biggest hurdle for aeroplanes and ordinary trains has been on managing the cost of maintenance as well as making it accessible to as many people as possible. The magnetic trains have been designed in a way that the train will generate its own power and use it as well as having features that will minimize on friction that causes tear and wear. Basic physics It is known that ‘like’ poles in magnetism repel while unlike poles attract. These poles are usually referred to as the north and the south poles (Sadiku Akujuobi, 2006). Since the invention of magnets, they have been used for various purposes. The technology is still being developed of which the latest is that of using magnetic force to make machines work. The technique is similar to that of arranging the magnets to either attract or repel to cause movement or to stop it. To facilitate such a process, basic requirements of magnetic pull such as iron rods and an electronic field are used and arranged to facilitate the movement. The gravitational force, which is also responsible for the force, is also used to set up the apparatus. It is known that magnetic force is attracted to like poles whiles it is being repelled from opposite poles (Shibata, Maki, Saito and Kobayashi 1993). Magnetic trains are hence designed to ensure that magnetic poles attract and repel when it is needed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Magnetic Train Works specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Superconducting magnets have become crucial in the entire procedure of magnetic trains as they conduct larger amounts of energy required to facilitate movement of the trains (Shibata, Maki, Saito and Kobayashi 1993, p.112). The sidewalls of the rails mount the levitate coils in the maglev rail system, which is used in magnetic trains. Adequate magnetic force has to be generated to facilitate this. The eddy or Foucault currents (currents produced by the change of magnetic filed in the conductor) required are generated by harmonics at the surface where the superconducting magnets have been positioned (Shibata et al 1993, p. 113). With the static magnetic field and the eddy currents being produced, this will yield a powerful force that will result in the evaporation of helium liquid. As the f orces interact, there is generation of amplitude and a continuous magnetic flux that will subsequently make the train move. Below is a diagram that clearly illustrates the process of a magnetically levitated train. Figure 1 Source: (Shibata et al 1993, p. 112) The above represented scheme clearly shows that the process is managed electronically with the thrust coil, levitation coil, the vessel coil and the superconductor coil. The fundamental flux produced by the ground coils and harmonic flux provides guidance and the levitation of the magnetic train (Shibata et al 1993, p. 115).Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Similarly, Fujiwara and Fujimoto (1993, pg 124) also came up with a working principle of a magnetic train that uses both the levitation and the guiding scheme (Fujiwara Fujimoto 1993, p.124). The figure below shows how the left and the right coils are connected to each other in a parallel way. Figure 2 Source: Fujiwara Fujimoto (1993, p.124) There is a great similarity in how the two technologies work apart from some slight modifications. For instance, the magnetic drag force is significantly reduced in the EDS maglev vehicle through adjustments. Here, the two rectangular unit coils make up for the levitation coil. The main purpose of the rectangular unit coils is to prevent the induction of electric current on the levitation coil. This, hence, implies that the levitation and guidance functions are performed by the left and right coils consistently (Fujiwara Fujimoto 1993, p.128). Due to high amount of heat that is usually produced during this process, the guide way is fitted wi th super coolers that regulate the amount of heat. This is an automated process that happens once the train senses a lot of heat production. This, therefore, ensures that the train is safe from overheating and eventually causing fires. The magnetic process is also designed in a way that the train may be slowed down or accelerated once the need arises. This is the main purpose of the engine like feature that is fitted in the train. The EDS system operates almost like a train as the maglev trains rolls on tires that are made of rubber (Shibata et al 1993, p. 117). The rolling will happen until the train gathers adequate momentum of speed of about 62 mph (100 kph). This EDS system was invented in Germany by the use of such technology. The wheels are of great advantage especially when power fails. The train can hence held itself on wheels minimizing on any form of accident. The indutracks are designed in two different forms to cater for high and low speed. Indutrack 1 has been designed to handle high speed while indutrack 2 has been designed to handle slower speed for slightly shorter distances. The track of the magnetic trains is composed of electrically short-circuits that have been insulated using wires. Conclusion After successful trials in Japan and Germany, the magnetic train will be the modern form of transport that will relive many travellers. It is a revolution that is still undergoing extensive research as well as improvements that will make it better. It has been considered that once the technology is fully exploited, it will be able to transport passengers across the world in just a few hours. The fastest maglev is faster that a normal Boeing aeroplane and cost effective. The main challenge is to construct the long guide ways fitted with the magnetic coils. Apart from the fact that they are economical on cost, they are also environmental friendly considering the fact that they are smoke free and do not produce much noise. The space used to construct su ch runways is not much and can either be done underground or elevated in the air. This implies that other activities can still be happening in those places where the guide ways have been constructed. References Fujiwara, S Fujimoto, T 1993, ‘Characteristics of Combined Levitation and Guidance EDS Maglev System’, Electrical Engineering in Japan, vol. 113. no. 3. Sadiku, M Akujuobi, C 2006, ‘Magnetic levitation’, IEEE Potentials. vol.25. no.2. Shibata, M., Maki, N., Saito, T Kobayashi, T 1993, ‘Levitation Coil length Optimization of a magnetically Levitation Train’, Electrical Engineering in Japan, vol. 113. no. 2. This essay on How Does Magnetic Train Works was written and submitted by user Fisher Hess to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Charlotte Perkins Gilman Introduction Charlotte Perkins Gilman was a United States sociology expert, a novel writer, a short story writer, a poet, an academic professor who fought for women’s rights. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was one of the extraordinary women of her time. Charlotte Perkins Gilman became the beacon for women fighting for gender equality. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Charlotte Perkins Gilman specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Charlotte Perkins Gilman had unconventional theories and lifestyle that run against the very grain of society’s theory that women are the lesser gender. Charlotte Perkins Gilman became famous for the â€Å"The Yellow Paper† masterpiece. The masterpiece was a self-biography discussing the daily sufferings from the disease entitled postpartum psychosis. Charlotte Gilman successfully instituted women’s rights (Kessler, 1995). Charlotte Perkins Gilman Bibliography Born in Hartfor d, Connecticut in 1860, Mary Perkins researched several books at the public library. Mary’s childhood is characterized as lonely and isolated. Her father’s pasting of literary books encouraged Mary Perkins Gilman to indulge in reading many books in the library. Charlotte Perkins Gilman studied in more than five public schools. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was a slow learner in class. Charlotte Perkins Gilman supported herself through college by working as an artist, painter, and tutor (Kessler, 1995). In 1894, Charlotte Perkins Gilman actively participated in the activities of many feminist and reform organizations. Specifically, Charlotte Perkins Gilman joined several group like the â€Å"The Pacific Costs Women’s Press Association, The Women’s Alliance, The Economic Club, The Parents’ Association, The Ebell Society, and many others. In the same year, Charlotte Perkins Gilman espoused many progressive views regarding the father’s rights to t he child after the courts approve a divorce. Charlotte Perkins Gilman insisted that her former husband had every right to visit their child after the divorce. In the same manner, her daughter, Katharine, had every right to learn and love her natural father. In 1884, Charlotte Perkins Gilman complained about her post-partum depression state after giving birth to her child, Katharine. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was described as hysterical and nervous. However, her friends did not take her health complaints seriously (Davis 36).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In 1888, Mary Charlotte Gilman had finally called it quits and divorced her husband. In 1893, Charlotte Perkins Gilman met her cousin, Atty. Houghton Gilman of Wall Street fame. Charlotte Perkins Gilman got married to her cousin, Atty. Houghton Gilman. In January of 1932, Mary committed suicide after accepting that her cance r was incurable. Charlotte Perkins Gilman had breast cancer. In 1896, Mary represented California in the Suffrage Convention in Washington D.C. Charlotte Perkins Gilman joined the International Socialist and Labor Congress in England during 1896. Charlotte Perkins Gilman joined the Nationalism organization. The organization focused on ending capitalism’s greedy outstretched arms. The Nationalism Organisation’s activities focus on ensuring a peaceful environment. The organization espoused ethical compliance, through promoting a progressive interpersonal interaction. Charlotte Perkins Gilman insisted that women should be on equal terms with the men. Charlotte Perkins Gilman insisted that women must have the right to equal treatment in all work, school, and other undertakings. The women’s breast cancer issue influenced Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s masterpiece â€Å"The Yellow WallPaper†. Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote several popular books. Her poems are found in the Art Gems for the Homely and Fireside. In 1893, Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote In This World, and Women and Economics espousing that sex education must not be taught in the K years. Charlotte Perkins Gilman authored the popular book, Women and Economics in 1898. The book lifted her name to international fame. Consequently, Charlotte Perkins Gilman travelled to different locations, propagating her desire to one day see the reality that man will finality agree that women are their equal in all facets of life. Charlotte Perkins Gilman held a speaking engagement in Berlin, Germany. Charlotte Perkins Gilman discussed her gender equality theory at the International Congress of Women in Berlin seminar. Charlotte Perkins Gilman also travelled to different countries to discuss her equality theory in seminars or speaking engagements. Charlotte Perkins Gilman visited countries like England, Germany, Hungary, and Holland, Germany, Austria, as well as Hungary. In her book, â₠¬Å"The Home: It’s Work and Influence†, Charlotte Perkins Gilman theorized that women were often victimized in their own homes. The women are treated as second-class citizens by their husbands. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Charlotte Perkins Gilman specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Charlotte Perkins Gilman also espoused that society must change its current perception that women are second class citizens within the United States society. Charlotte Perkins Gilman bought her own magazine entitled The Forerunner. Her article focuses on stimulating the readers to rise up and have enough hope, and courage to fight for their rights, especially the women. The same magazine forerunner successfully continued for the next 7 years. The magazine gained lots of loyalty from clients who liked Gilman’s fearless approach to ensuring that gender discrimination is eradicated from the face of the earth. Charlotte Perkins Gilman also wrote articles for other media companies. The companies include the Baltimore Sun, Buffalo Evening News, and Louiseville Herald. Charlotte Perkins Gilman also wrote her first book, Art Gems for the Home and the Fireside (1888).During here entire adult life, Charlotte Perkins Gilman gave speeches and wrote books on hot themes like ethics, human rights, social reform, labor, and others (Kessler, 2010). Further, Charlotte Perkins Gilman boldly emphasized that the women must use sexual overtures to persuade their husbands to bring home food and other home necessities. Charlotte Perkins Gilman blamed the Darwin theory stating that the home is ruled by the husband alone. Charlotte Perkins Gilman insisted that the historical Darwin theory stating that the husband is aggressive and the wife played the motherly roles in the home has disappeared in the current age. The old theory stating that men are made to have regular sex precipitates to rapes and violence in the home . Charlotte Perkins Gilman discussed that society had instituted the unfair women environment where the young girls are mainly training to become future mothers. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was disgusted with the marketing of a different set of toys, and clothes for boys and girls. Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Charlotte Gilman theorized that the women should not be left in the home; the women have a right to find work and earn money to payment the family’s daily home expenses (Davis, 2010). The home expenses include electricity, water, and telephone bills. In addition, Charlotte Perkins Gilman reiterated that the house chores must be equally distributed between the husband and the wife. In her desire to win more votes, Charlotte Perkins Gilman insists that all women must be granted their right to vote for their candidates in the current and future elections. However, Charlotte Perkins Gilman stepped out of her comfort zone when she adversely opined on the issue of the African Americans (Davis, 2010). In the progressive area, Charlotte Perkins Gilman focused on sex subjection, Charlotte Perkins Gilman focused on fighting for the women’s equality rights. Charlotte Perkins Gilman also favored the study of the initiatives. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was interested in eugenics, sa nitation, birth control, and anti-vice, and anti-prostitution. Charlotte Perkins Gilman also talked against the erroneous Darwinian Theory stating that women are born to be â€Å"sex slaves† of the husbands (Kessler 1995). Charlotte Perkins Gilman is remembered as a person who boldly stood up against society’s prior gender discrimination culture. The prior culture states that women should be kept inside the home as sex slaves of the husband. Charlotte Perkins Gilman should be remembered because the current women of society are enjoying the fruits of her unending efforts to free the women from their current bondage. Charlotte Perkins Gilman fought for the women to be free from the torments of their husbands. Some husbands force their wives to have sex as well as accomplish home chores. Her historical contributions to fight for the rights of the women had been successful. Today, many women are working outside the home. Many women are earning higher salaries than men in the work place. Many companies prefer to hire men over the women (Davis, 2010). Conclusion IN A NUTSHELL, Charlotte Perkins Gilman fearlessly fought for the women’s rights. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was one of the extraordinary women of her time. Charlotte Perkins Gilman championed the rights of women to vote. Charlotte Perkins Gilman authored many articles and made speeches rallying for the approval of the women’s rights issues. She pursued the theory that the women must be free from the erroneous Darwin theory. Charlotte Gilman successfully instituted women’s rights. References Davis, C. (2010) Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Biography. London, SU Press Kessler, C. (1995) Charlotte Perkins Gilman. London, SU Press

Unit 18 Advertising and Promotions - Level 4 Advertising and Assignment

Unit 18 Advertising and Promotions - Level 4 Advertising and Promotions - Nandos Loyalty Card HND Business - Assignment Example One of the firms that have undertaken extensive communication strategies to attract more customers is Nando’s. The section below discusses the communication process and how the communication process relates to the Nando’s advertisement process. As indicated by transmission model that was developed by Shannon and Weaver (1949), communication process consists of six major steps. The first one is the formulation of the idea in the mind of the sender. During this stage, an individual who want to send the message, comes up with something that he or she want to relate to another person. The second step is encoding the message. This implies that putting the information in a language that suits the recipient. For example, the sender who wishes to send a message to a child must encode it differently from that of professional colleague. The third step is transmitting the message. This involves using various avenues such as speaking, writing or using emails among others. The fourth step is receiving the message that has been sent by the sender. As a receiver, one should read or listen to the message. The fifth stage is decoding the message. This entails processing the message in such a way that it makes sense to the receiver. The six th stage according to the transmission model is understanding the message (Barnlund, 2008). It is worth to note that a message may be sent, read or listened to but understanding the message is the most paramount thing. In the Nando’s advertising process, communication process has been effectively utilised. For example, before the launching of Nando’s Loyalty Card, the firm came up with the communication idea that depicted the use of a card that cannot be used in libraries, night clubs or coffee shops but only in Nando’s. Similarly, the business has used various channels of communicating with

In class short essay- cl Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In class short - cl - Essay Example ankine, opens an account of casual racism that is delivered in the second person in a unique informal move where the use of â€Å"you† by the speaker is fluid. In most of the cases, it is the speaker herself, but in some instances, it involves the reader or a different character with haunting results. The poetic form in this work can be considered as a manifestation of the divide that is evident in American lives in regards to invisible racism and other aspects. In the poem Brain on ice, terms like â€Å"terrorized† and â€Å"horror† portray a fierce and passionate mood in the perception of the narrator on the El Train, with the line â€Å"Of being robbed, stabbed, raped† honing the superimposed theme of the poem (Warr). The narration of the poem starts with an account of the El Train experience with the narrator making himself the terrorist in the view of other people regardless of being innately innocent. What makes the poem interesting is the fact that it does not have a predictable direction and its language creates open metaphors including the empty seat that it refers to as â€Å"undefiled seat† (Warr). The seat is not dirty since in the thoughts of the author, all the introverts and withdrawn passengers will perceive the individual who sits on it as being possibly dirty. Fear is usually impractical and based on a lacking of knowledge, and the poet is aware of this as well as the fact that human beings are not able to escape it. Conversely, in the Black Tar, as Son and Jadine come together, the involvement separates the impressions as well as self-deceptions that were holding together the world as well as how people related with each other at the estate. They journey back to the US to seek a place where they will have a sense of belonging only to discover that their homes have spite for each other. The author writes in what can be considered as black vernacular while borrowing figures of speech and phrases that are exclusive to the community where she was

Technical Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Technical Writing - Essay Example Constructing the charts using the computers is much easier than constructing it manually. However, although the constructing the charts by computers is easier, the guidelines for constructing the charts both manually and by using computers are similar. The pie charts must always be numbered as figure 1 or figure 2 and so on. However, if the visual (chart) is one, the numbers are excluded. The charts must also have a title and each segment or sector must be labelled concisely and clearly. In addition, arrows or lines should be used if necessary to link the labels to the segments (Picket, Laster and Staples, 2001). The chart below is an example of a pie chart. The chart is prepared by computer software graphic. It represents the total expenses of a student in Linfield College per term. These are estimates of his expenses for one of the terms in the 2011-2012 year of study (Linfield College, 2011). College Expenses per Term Item Amount($) Percentages (%) Accommodation 2,490 8.987547374 Personal expenses 1,100 3.970402454 Telephone/Internet 550 1.985201227 Food 3,000 10.82837033 Laundry/Personal Hygiene 430 1.552066414 Clothing/Entertainment 1,000 3.609456777 Transportation (local) 375 1.353546291 Tuition 16,050 57.93178127 Books and Supplies 700 2.526619744 Board (Standard) 2,010 7.255008121 Total 27,705 100 Question 5.12 Bar charts Bar charts are also referred to column charts or bar graphs. Just as the pie charts, bar graphs are also simple and very useful visuals because they permit easy comparison of proportions or amounts. Bar charts are composed of one or more vertical or horizontal bars that are equal in width and length. Bar charts can either be column charts or bar charts. Column charts are those with vertical bars whereas bar charts are those with horizontal bars. The bars, whether vertical or horizontal, are usually separated so as to improve their appearance and readability (Picket, Laster and Staples, 2001) . In representing multiple data in bar chart s, multiple bars with different colours, shading or cross-hatching may be used to show different divisions. Bars charts can also be designed manually or by computer graphic software. Preparation using the computer is easier provided one has the knowledge of using the software. Like a pie chart, a bar chart must also have a title and the bars together with the axes must be well labelled. The charts must also be numbered as figure 1 or figure 2 and so on if they are more than one (Picket, Laster and Staples, 2001). The figure below is an example of a bar chart. The bar chart is a column chart representing the annual retirement plan of Gomez. The retirement plan is paid by Roy Gomez who earns an annual salary of $ 50,000, Comal County and the state. Gomez’ Annual Retirement Plan Payer Amount ($) Gomez 2500 Comal County 2000 State 1000 Total 5500 Question 5.3 Estimated Preparation Time for IRS Form 1040A Visuals are images that relay information. Although written language is the most common mode of communication used in the workplace, images such as charts, graphs and tables are also required to support the information passed by written language. However, the visual language used must be suitable to the intended persons and purpose regardless of the subject matter. Therefore, since the response of the audience to visual information is

History of statistics and its significance

History of statistics and its significance History of Statistics and its Significance Statistics is a relatively new subject, which branched from Probability Theory and is widely used in areas such as Economics and Astrology. It is a logic and methodology to measure uncertainty and it is used to do inferences on these uncertainties (Stigler, 1986). The history of Statistics can be firstly traced back to the 1600s. John Graunt (1620-1674) could be considered as the pioneer of statistics and as the author of the first book regarding statistics. He published Natural and Political observations on the Bills of Mortality in 1662 whereby he was studying the plague outbreak in London at the time requested by the King. Graunt was asked to come up with a system that would allow them to detect threats of further outbreaks, by keeping records of mortality and causes of death and making an estimation of the population. By forming the life table, Graunt discovered that statistically, the ratio of male to females are almost equal. Then in 1666, he collected data and started to exami ne life expectancies. All of this was fundamental as he was arguably the first to create a condensed life table from large data and was able to do some analysis on it. In addition, this is widely used in life insurance today, showing the importance and significance of Graunts work (Verduin, 2009). Another reason why this is significant is because of his ability in demonstrating the value of data collection (Stigler, 1986). Then in 1693, Edmond Halley extended Graunts ideas and formed the first mortality table that statistically made the relationship between age and death rates. Again, this is used in life insurance (Verduin, 2009). Another contributor to the formation of statistics is Abraham De Moivre (1667-1823). He was the first person to identify the properties of the normal curve and in 1711, introduced the notion of statistical independence (Verduin, 2009). In 1724, De Moivre studied mortality statistics and laid down foundations of the theory of annuities, inspired by the work of Halley. This is significant as annuities are widely used in the Finance industry today, in particular, when forming actuarial tables in life insurance. De Moivre then went on to talk about the idea of the normal distribution which can be used to approximate the binomial distribution (OConnor and Robertson, 2004). William Playfair (1759-1823) was the person who invented statistical graphics, which included the line graph and the bar graph chart in 1786 and the pie chart in 1801. He believed that charts were a better way to represent data and he was driven to this invention by a lack of data. This was a milestone as these graphical representations are used everywhere today, the most notable being the time-series graph, which is a graph containing many data points measured at successive uniform intervals over a period of time. These graphs can be used to examine data such as shares, and could be used to predict future data (Robyn 1978). Adolphe Quetlet (1796-1874) was the first person to apply probability and statistics to Social Sciences in 1835. He was interested in studying about human characteristics and suggested that the law of errors, which are commonly used in Astronomy, could be applied when studying people and through this, assumptions or predictions could be in regards to physical features and intellectual features of a person. Through Quetlets studies, he discovered that the distribution of certain characteristics when he made a diagram of it was in a shape of a bell curve. This was a significant discovery as Quetlet later went on to form properties of the normal distribution curve, which is a vital concept in Statistics today. Using this concept of average man, Quetlet used this to examine other social issues such as crime rates and marriage rates. He is also well known for the coming up with a formula called the Quetlet Index, or more commonly known as Body Mass Index, which is an indication or measure for obesity. This is still used today and you could find out your BMI by calculating. If you get an index of more than 30, it means the person is officially obese (OConnor and Robertson, 2006). Other members who made little but significance contributions to Statistics are Carl Gauss and Florence Nightingale. Gauss was the first person who played around with the least squares estimation method when he was interested in astronomy and attempted to predict the position of a planet. He later proved this method by assuming the errors are normally distributed. The method of least squares is widely used today, in Astronomy for example, in order to minimise the error and improve the accuracy of results or calculations (OConnor and Robertson, 1996). It was also the most commonly used method before 1827 when trying to combine inconsistent equations (Stigler, 1986). Nightingale was inspired by Quetlets work on statistical graphics and produced a chart detailing the deaths of soldiers where she worked. She later went on to analyse that state and care of medical facilities in India. This was significant as Nightingale applied statistics to health problems and this led to the improvement of medical healthcare. Her important works were recognised as became the first female to be a member of the Royal Statistical Society (Cohen, 1984). One of the greatest contributors was Francis Galton (1822-1911) who helped create a statistical revolution which laid foundations for future statisticians like Karl Pearson and Charles Spearman (Stigler, 1986). He was related to Charles Darwin and had many interests, such as Eugenics and Anthropology. He came up with a number of vital concepts, including the regression, standard deviation and correlation, which came about when Galton was studying sweet peas. He discovered that the successive sweet peas were of different sizes but regressed towards the mean size and the distribution of their parents (Gavan Tredoux, 2007). He later went on to work with the idea of correlation when he was studying the heights of parents and the parents children when they reach adulthood, where he made a diagram of his findings and found an obvious correlation between the two. He then performed a few other experiments and came to the conclusion that the index of the correlation was an indication to the d egree in which the two variables were related to one another. His studies were significant as they are all fundamental in Statistics today and these methods are used in many areas for data analysis, especially with extracting meaningful information between different factors (OConnor and Robertson, 2003). The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900 Stephen M Stigelr Publisher: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, March 1, 1990 p1, 4, 40, 266 http://www.leidenuniv.nl/fsw/verduin/stathist/stathist.htm A short History of Probability and Statistics Kees Verduin Last Updated: March 2009 Last Accessed: 02/04/2010 http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/De_Moivre.html The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive Article by: J J OConnor and E F Robertson Copyright June 2004 Last Accessed: 05/04/2010 The American Statistician Volume: 32, No: 1 Quantitative graphics in statistics: A brief history James R. Beniger and Dorothy L. Robyn p1-11 http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Quetelet.html The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive Article by: J J OConnor and E F Robertson Copyright August 2006 Last Accessed: 06/04/2010 http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Gauss.html The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive Article by: J J OConnor and E F Robertson Copyright December 1996 Last Accessed: 06/04/2010 Scientific American 250 Florence Nightingale I. Bernard Cohen March 1984, p128-37/p98-107depending on country of sale http://galton.org/ Francis Galton Edited and Maintained by: Gavan Tredoux Last Updated: 12/11/07 (according to the update in News section) Last Accessed: 07/04/2010 http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Galton.html The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive Article by: J J OConnor and E F Robertson Copyright October 2003 Last Accessed: 07/04/2010

Critique of Geoffrey Canadas Fist Stick Knife Gun Essay -- Fist Stick

Critique of Geoffrey Canada's Fist Stick Knife Gun The Book â€Å"Fist Stick Knife Gun† by Geoffrey Canada is a biographical account of his childhood in the south Bronx. He and his 4 brothers were raised by only their mother. She would survive on no more than ten dollars a week. He moved several times as a child until finally landing on union avenue, the place were many of his life lessons were learned and at times applied. He learned about the ranking process of kids on union Ave. and how the only way to improve your status was to use your fists to fight your way up the chain. Looking back Geoffrey Canada notices the major shift in attitudes concerning the rules of the streets. What once was harmless fist fighting has now turned over to guns. His opinions can be seen in his title â€Å"Fist Stick Knife Gun†. One of the earliest lessons he ever learned was from his mother. She told all four of her boys to never let people think they were afraid and that they were never to become victims. This is shown with each word that Canada uses in his title. The first phase of his life consisted of â€Å"Fist†. He recalls the time when he first moved to Union Ave and he was trapped inside his apartment because he hadn’t established himself in the neighborhood. He would sit up in his 3rd floor apartment and jealously looked on, as all the other kids would play in the streets. One day his older brother John had enough and walked outside to face his fate. The rest of his brothers followed and eventually each got beat up as a pass to the streets. None of them showed their fears or their pain, a lesson that they first learned from their mother. This was only one of many steps/ factors in becoming an established individual not to be reckoned with. Age was the other factor to be considered. Th e older you were, the more respect you got from others. There were the young adults, who were the biggest and badest on the block. They weren’t usually around to defend their turf because they all belonged to a gang, however everyone knew they ruled all. Next were the mid-teen boys who were the â€Å"real rulers of Union Ave (18)† They were the ones who enforced the rules. The lower categories were the early teens and the pre teens. The early teens were just learning the rules whereas the pre teens couldn’t go off of the sidewalk. Geoffrey belonged to the lowest rung, the sidewalk group. As time wen... ...hese rules. They may seem unfair and even ridiculous to us outsiders, but that’s because we have more options of obtaining success than those caught in the belly of the slums. These codes are all that they have and without them, they would have no meaning in their lives, nothing to live up to day in and day out. They give these people a reason to wake up in the morning and a sense of pride that can’t be provided in any other way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Geoffrey Canada gives his readers a rare opportunity to look inside the life of a ghetto kid and what they have to go through just to survive. He also provides answers to the many questions asked of why certain things happen the way they do in the Bronx. He used his childhood experiences and turned them into a unique tool when helping the youth of today. Now that he works as a youth councilor he sees that the problem in the slums has gotten dramatically worse with the emergence of guns. It used to be about pride and status, now any thug with a gun can be feared in the community. This, to Canada is a major problem because guns gives kids a sense of power, a strong feeling that is often abused and results in someone, even an innocent person dead.

What is Tourism?

HOSPITALITY INDUSTY PROFESSOR: TANYA JOYNER DATE: MARCH22. 2013 TEST: CHAPTER 9 NAME: LU QIONGQIONG(JENNY) 1 what can tourism be defined as? Tourism can be defined as the idea of attracting, accommodating, and pleasing groups or individuals traveling for pleasure or business. It is categorized by geography, ownership, function, industry, and travel motive. 2 business travels has increased in recent years due to what? Business travel has increased in recent years as a result of the growth of convention centers in several cities.As a result, business travelers have given a boost to hotels, restaurants, and auto rental companies. The number of female business travelers is rising as well. 3 who serves as the middle person between a country and its visitors? Travel agencies, tour operators, travel managers, wholesalers, national offices of tourism, and destination management companies serve as middlepersons between a country and its visitors. 4 tourism is a collection of industries and wh en combined form the world’s largest industry.Is the above statement TRUE OR FALSE 5 from social and cultural perspective tourism can further international understanding and economically improve poorer countries. Is the statement above TRUE OR FALSE AND EXPLAIN WHY? I think that is right. From a social and cultural perspective, tourism can have both positive and negative impacts on communities. Undoubtedly, tourism has made significant contribution to international understanding.World tourism organizations recognize that tourism is a means of enhancing international understanding, peace, prosperity, and fundamental freedom for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion. Tourism can be a very interesting sociocultural phenomenon. Similarly, depending on the reason for the tourist visit, myriad opportunities are available to interact both socially and culturally with local people. provided that the number of tourists is manageable and that they respect the h ost community’s sociocultural norms and values, tourism provide an opportunity for a number of social interactions.

3 Examples of Restructuring In-Line Lists

3 Examples of Restructuring In-Line Lists 3 Examples of Restructuring In-Line Lists 3 Examples of Restructuring In-Line Lists By Mark Nichol â€Å"In-line list† is simply a fancy term for a list of things in a sentence that aren’t treated as a vertical list- that is, a list formatted so that each item is positioned below the previous one (often with a number, letter, bullet, or other symbol to set the items off visually from each other and sometimes represent a hierarchy or sequence). As with vertical lists, careless organization of list items in in-line lists results in syntactically flawed sentences such as those shown below. However, as opposed to vertical lists, which often err in grammatical inconsistency of the items, in-line lists are often marred by a poor organization of list items (and items in lists within lists) and incorrect use of transitional elements such as conjunctions and punctuation marks. A discussion and a revision after each example explains the error and illustrates a solution. 1. The category includes those with low incomes, poor credit history, inadequate documentation, or those living with a disability, illness, or those with a criminal record. This sentence unhelpfully makes no distinction between three categories of list items: financial, medical, and legal complications. The revision reorganizes the unstructured collection of six items into these categories: â€Å"The category includes those with low incomes, poor credit history, or inadequate documentation, those living with a disability or illness, or those with a criminal record.† (Because one category itself constitutes a list of three items, some writers may prefer to mark the three larger divisions with semicolons rather than commas, but because of the repetitive phrasing beginning with those, the more potent punctuation is not necessary.) 2. They build large capital reserves, have great relationships with their lenders, and trusting relationships with their customers, vendors, and shareholders. Here, five elements are syntactically structured as a list, but the third item (which itself refers to three things) lacks a verb, so the sentence structure is flawed: â€Å"They build large capital reserves, have great relationships with their lenders, and have trusting relationships with their customers, vendors, and shareholders.† (Similar to the previous example, because the distinct items are clearly indicated by parallel use of verbs, no hand-holding replacement of commas with semicolons is necessary in this case.) Another option is to revise this sentence using conjunctions in place of some punctuation marks: â€Å"They build large capital reserves and have great relationships with their lenders and trusting relationships with their customers, vendors, and shareholders.† 3. Do we have a great team, a strong road map, and the required processes, systems and alliances, and sufficient resources to sustain our journey?      In this case, the sentence is almost correct, but qualifying resources with sufficient renders it a syntactical orphan. The simplest solution is to omit the adjective and allow resources to share required with the items that precede it: â€Å"Do we have a great team and a strong road map, as well as the required processes, systems and alliances, and resources to sustain our journey?†Ã‚   If you feel that resources does not belong with the other items as shown in the revision above, consider this solution: â€Å"Do we have a great team and a strong road map- as well as the required processes, systems and alliances- and resources to sustain our journey?† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comparative Forms of AdjectivesComma Before ButThrew and Through

Fast Food Essays

Fast Food Essays Fast Food Essay Fast Food Essay In the book Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser investigates the working conditions in both the fast food restaurant and the modern slaughterhouse, which supply fast food as their main customer for ground beef. In chapter three, Behind the Counter, Schlosser talks mainly about the working experiences of employees at Mc Donalds. Majority of the workers are teens, elderly, or immigrants willing to work for a low wage and require little experience. In chapter eight, The Most Dangerous Job, he investigates the slaughterhouse. Schlosser goes into detail about how the meatpacking industry has become the most dangerous job in America. About two-thirds of the nations fast food workers are under the age of twenty. Since the fast food industry seeks to find unskilled part-time workers that are willing to work for minimum wage, teenagers are their first choice. Their young inexperienced minds makes it easier to control and theyre less expensive to hire than adults. Schloss er interviewed many teens that stated they enjoyed working at fast food restaurants. They enjoyed making money, getting away from school and home, hanging out with friends at work, and goofing off in the kitchen. As much fun as that sounds, the adolescents still have to deal with the rude, demanding customers and long, tiring shifts. According to the Fair Labor Act, the employment of kids under the age of sixteen are prohibited to work more than three hours on a school day, or later than seven oclock. Some of the teens interviewed by Schlosser claimed that theyve worked until two, sometimes three in the morning. Working these long hours causes problems like neglecting their homework, being exhausted in class, fewer participants in sports, dropping out of school, and industries. Common injuries include slips, falls, strains, and burns. In the beginning of The Most Dangerous Job Schlosser takes a tour of the slaughterhouse, feeling sick and disgusted, he was determined to get through the whole

Performance Measurement Within a Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Performance Measurement Within a Project - Essay Example On the other hand, economic value refers to the financial side of performance measurement in relation to costs and outcomes in a project, but focusing on the financial side. In relation to this, it is crucial to compare and contrast the performance measurement and discuss their significance in any given project. Similarities The balanced score card varies from means of implementation in one business scenario to the other. In this case, it is similar to many other models of performance measurement due to the need to adapt the different techniques to suit the different business scenarios. None of the measurement methods can be applied as a wholesome without looking into the finer details of what each technique entails. For example, in the balanced score card technique, the implementation requires to focus on some key aspects such as financial outcomes, operational and marketing, as well as developmental inputs. By modifying the technique, it can successfully be implemented in any busin ess environment. On the other hand, economic value approach is modified to meet the definite needs of a business in relation to shareholder value. In the case of these two techniques, none can be employed singly without having to look at the needs of an organization. As a result, the two have to be adapted procedurally and according to the goals of the organization in order to come up with the desired results. In addition, business modeling as performance measuring technique requires tuning to fit the creation of the goals of the organization in question. This is concerning goal setting antics, which is associated with the quality of innovation. As a result, business modeling works hand in hand with the existing conditions to come up with new or modify existing goals. All the three methods of performance measurement prove the need for integration in any given business before the expected results can be delivered; following the different needs of any given organization. In addition, another similarity of the all the three measurement techniques is in the little impact that the three methods have on the performance of the stock market and accounting (Ittner et al, 2003). This is in spite of the level of satisfaction that different users of all the three techniques register. This means that all the three methods only work towards efficiency in the organization rather than visible result on the image of the organization in relation to stakeholders and accounts. In addition, using any one of the given methods on a short-term basis does not present any accurate results on accounting. This means that, for best results, all the three techniques should be used continually in order to achieve the desired result. Differences However, in spite of all these, there are differences between the different methods of performance measurement. This is as seen in the case of the balanced score card, in which organizations using this technique tend to emphasize on the non-financial outcome than those that use other methods. On the other hand, the business model and economic value techniques tend to place emphasis on two aspects of measurement, which are non-financial value drivers and measure. In spite of this difference, there is a similarity between all the three methods in that they place significantly within satisfaction range than other methods used. In addition, the balanced score card technique places the use of strategic cause-effect relations. In this case, it implies that business modeling and economic value

Tell me, what is sociology, anyway Why bother to study it (Please be Essay

Tell me, what is sociology, anyway Why bother to study it (Please be convincing in your answer) - Essay Example Systematic methods of empirical observation/data and critical analysis are used to develop a body of knowledge about human social activity, in order to apply this knowledge for the study of social processes and human behavior. Sociology is non-ethical because it deals with the study of events as they are, and not what they should be. The scientist has no technique by which he can determine what the ultimate values of a society should be. The knowledge attained by him is instrumental. Fundamental assumptions are involved in all the investigations of knowledge, which are accepted without testing. The assumptions or pre-suppositions of science are given in the following: 1. There is an object world quite different from the subject world. 2. The truth of the object world can be explored by an unbiased investigation by man and by employing what is known as the â€Å"scientific method. Mechanics of Sociology: A) Scientific Rationality Scientific Rationality is identified in Sociology and science addresses the modern world, comprehends through logical thought and reasoning, creates suppositions, and verifies them through means of experimentation and scientific method.

Foundations of Laws and Rules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Foundations of Laws and Rules - Essay Example As to effectivity, the former takes effect upon the recognition by the court while the latter may take effect at a later date as embodied in the formal instrument. Common law is amended by slow changes over time while statutory laws requires an enactment of either a new law that superceeds, modifies or amends the old law. The parties can move for arbitration or file a suit. In proceeding to an alternative dispute resolution or arbitration the parties present the facts to arbitrators that are trained experts familiar with the industry practices thus their assessment of the issue may affect the nature and outcome of the dispute. The fears of the parties are put to rest since the arbitrators are well knowledgeable in the problems in real estate development. In filing a suit, the court may be appraised of problems in real estate development through the presentation of an expert witness who has special expertise on the matter and can explain it to the court (Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceauticals, Inc). Fears that the court may not be able to grasp the concept must not be entertained since there are ways of discovery that the court can employ like depositions, interrogatories and requests for production of documents. Aside from these, court processes like direct, cross examination, redirect and recross e xamination open doors for clarifications to give the court a better understanding of the issue at hand. The clause is valid. The Uniform Arbitration Act allows parties to agree in advance that all disputes arising under the contract be submitted to arbitration. Binding arbitration holds parties to respect the decision of the arbitrator as final even if the decision of the arbitrator seems to be wrong. The court will only set aside the decision if â€Å"there is clear proof of fraud, arbitrary conduct, or significant procedural error† (Trans Chemical Ltd. V Chhina Nat. Machinery Import & Export). John can either send the computer

Great expectations Essay Example for Free

Great expectations Essay Chapter 11 sees Pip on his second visit to Satis House, and the early introduction of several important characters such as Jaggers and Herbert, who play vital roles in Pips later life and great expectations. Ms. Havishams poisoned and hateful mind can be seen through her malicious thoughts that are reflected through her choice of words: I am yellow skin and bone. She has clearly brooded a great deal over her past and has lived the majority of her adult life full of contempt and bitterness for the entire male race. An air of Mystery is given to the fact that we do not actually know the cause of Ms. Havisham resentment, all we do know is that she was once to be married, and due to some occurrence or misfortune, the wedding did not take, but everything, from that fateful day, has stayed still. The time has stopped at twenty minutes to nine, and even her bride-cake is still there. One assumes, after reading the Chapter, that the mystery plot will be solved eventually, and the suspense lures the readers further into the novel . The suspense that surrounds the character of Ms. Havisham is half-satisfied when the readers find out the truth of what actually happened to Ms. Havisham, (that she victim of a conspiracy of which her money was the ultimate motive), in Chapter 22 from Herbert. Satis House is dismal and unchanging. Like the bride-cake, which now has black fungus growing out of it and speckled-legged spiders with blotchy bodies running to it, Ms. Havisham has also deteriorated. The vermin, the poison and the hate also rush flood to her mind, causing her to lose all control of any logical decisions or rational thoughts. Like the cake, Ms. Havisham is also dropping to pieces, covered with dust and mould. Ms Havisham could be described as being Satis House herself, she has become part of her landscape, as she herself says: It and I have worn away together. All the death images, corpse-like, shroud, grave-clothes, all symbolise the slow death of Ms Havisham, the cruel image of her rotting and decaying a result of her twisted, evil mind. The suspense and thrilling horror surrounding Ms. Havisham sustains the readers attentions, as they listen attentively to hang on to every word she speaks, in the hope of any clues to what tragedy she was victim of that has made her into the person she is. The dull nonsensical conversations made by the relatives emphasise just how intriguing Ms. Havishams character is. Her dramatic flairs of speech and over-exaggeration: when they lay me dead captures the readers much more than the repetitive, irrelevant conversation made by the relatives. Ms. Havishams relations are characterised as being money-greedy, selfish people. Their only reasons for visiting their half-sister is simply for her large fortune and in the hope that they, once she is finally dead, will inherit each large portions of her money. The dreary, dull conversations that seem to have no concluding points underlines the uselessness and narrow-mindedness of these people. Certainly, the descriptions of the relatives are far from flattering: so very blank and high was the dead wall of her face. Dickens has chosen to make these characters into comic figures. They represent Dickens view of the majority of middle-high class of society, educated yet still fools. Camilla, in particular, provides entertainment for the audience with her ridiculous self-pitying airs: I cried about it from breakfast to dinner. Her pretence is obvious, and one may guess from Ms. Havishams contempt for her relations that she understands that they care not for her but for her money: when you come to feast upon me. Ms. Havishams relations are the image of a selfish and materialistic side of society. The readers are given an early introduction to the character of Jaggers, Pips future lawyer and guide to his fortune and the world of industrious, educated so-called gentleman. Again, like Ms. Havisham, the readers are lured into the burly man on the stairs. The description is mysterious and surprisingly detailed for just a stranger: eyes set very deep in his head. When Pip states: He was nothing to me, and I could have had no foresight then, that he would be anything to me Our suspicions are nearly confirmed that Jaggers will play an important part in Pips later life. Jaggers description is interesting when one looks for clues in his personality, his eyes also being described as being: disagreeable sharp and suspicious, a clue to Jaggers alertness and ability to see through people as if they were transparent. His bushy black eyebrows that wouldnt lie down but stood up bristling symbolises Jaggers habit of attentively understanding a persons mind by every move that they make. The hands that smelt of scented soap is Jaggers future tagline or reference to himself, the idea of washing away the guilt of dealing with guilty criminal convicts. Herbert, the Pale young gentleman is first introduced in this chapter, as an unhealthy boy, with pimple on his face and a breaking out at his mouth, yet, his brave attitude and desperation to fight a fair and just battle appeals to the readers. As he says to Pip after he has been so easily defeated: That means you have won. Even Pip is surprised by his moral integrity: He was so brave and innocent, his ability to accept defeat and fight an unlikely battle gains respect from the readers, and Herbert is seen as a comical figure at his vain attempts fight back at Pip. He later carries the image of honesty when he is an adult, and represents the gentleman whose of free-spirit, whose cares lie not in money and reputation, but in the happiness of life. In Chapter 11, we are introduced to several new characters and are given distinct and sometimes obvious clues to Pips later life. They later play a great influence on Pips thoughts, actions, and journey to become a true gentleman.