Saturday, August 31, 2019

Study On Curriculum Project-Probability

My involvement in this subject comes from slightly uncultivated beginnings, as my friends were really good in card games and reasonably adept at chancing ( merely amongst friends of class, and purely no money changed handsaˆÂ ¦ ) . They were ever able to quite rapidly measure whether their opportunities of winning was appropriately big or non, and I ever used to inquire how they make these determinations. I learnt more about chance in the school than college, therefore enabling myself to larn more theoretically, but did n't larn to use in existent life. As Maier suggests that, persons fail to use school learned processs because they are non encouraged to associate school experiences to life outside school. â€Å" School kids recognise that school mathematics is non a portion of the universe outside school, the universe most of import to most people † . By larning Probability it helps pupil to do sense of the existent universe in state of affairss affecting hazard, opportu nity and uncertainness, therefore it is one of my preferable subject to research and Teach. In today ‘s universe it is non difficult to believe that life around us is surrounded by games of opportunity and one have to be educated to foretell the opportunity of winning and possibility of assorted results. â€Å" Learning approximately mathematical construct precedes the ability to use these constructs † . Peoples who lack an accurate sense of chance are easy drawn in by false claims and pseudosciences are vulnerable to acquire rich-quick strategy. Peoples expose themselves to dangers of taking hazard at some point of their life, but they need to be able to gauge the chance of success in order to measure whether the hazard is reasonable. Therefore apprehension of Probability theory enables us to believe about these determinations and besides assist us to take control of them. The national lottery is a perfect illustration of usage of chance for gauging their success and leting people to believe that they would win one twenty-four hours. In professional life, more people use statistics and chance than any other subdivision of mathematics. Insurance company and Banks ( impart money ) have concern program that is wholly based on their apprehension of statistical chances, measuring that their hazard degree is really low.â€Å" Probability is outlook founded upon partial cognition. A perfect familiarity with all the fortunes impacting the happening of an event would alter outlook into certainty, and leave neither room nor demand for a theory of chances. †Today in this multi cultural society, subject such as chance need to be approached and addressed with attention and consideration as these subjects have links to many ethical and philosophical issues. Gambling as an facet of subject itself is still forbidden for much people. In add-on to this treatment of chance as a opportunity of results comes straight in to struggles with most faiths and doctrines, which lecture to determinism and destiny. Therefore there is still a considerable argume nt as to whether chance should be taught and hence the ways in which it is taught has to be discussed sanely. Finally, the farther motive for learning chance In this consumer-lead society, is of import to develop people who are cognizant of the factors environing decision-making and will non be excessively easy swayed by efforts to carry them to portion with their hard-earned money. The construct of an informed consumer is important to the instruction of chance as we can assist model people who will non be taken advantage of excessively easy. One position of chance is that it addresses â€Å" ratings of state of affairss which are built-in in the topic ‘s head † ( Borovcnik et al, 1991 ) and this has clear intensions for all of us in our mundane lives.â€Å" The kernel of chance prevarications in measurement and covering with uncertainness. An apprehension of this cardinal point can merely come about by ab initio being involved in doing opinions, whilst at the same clip paying attending to the beginnings of uncertainness in determination devising. †( Peter Gates, 1989 ) Consequently, in fixing to learn chance, I had to research ways of speaking about uncertainness. Normally statements affecting uncertainness are based on past experience and, as such, can frequently be subjective. These words and phrases may be called the linguistic communication forms of uncertainness or so chance. In learning chance to this category I hoped to set a clear accent on practical numeracy which I feel is peculiarly of import for their advancement in life. I would besides wish to stress the connexions between subdivisions of mathematics within the National Curriculum. As chance has strong links exist with AT2 Number, a class could help the pupils ‘ apprehension of fractions, decimals and topographic point value. Understanding and utilizing relationships between Numberss and developing methods of calculation could besides be enhanced by techniques developed for the computation of chances. Turning back to the thought of how these thoughts should be taught, there is a considerable sum of experiment and probe included in the texts, and this is ever followed up with theoretical work of a similar nature. This brings me back to Crawford ‘s paper on a peculiar strategy of work where he highlights the debatable facet of experiments ; they cause exhilaration. As he puts it ;â€Å" There was a great trade of activity and evident enjoyment but small grounds of idea aˆÂ ¦ † .An Probe of the Law of Thought Probability is outlook founded upon partial cognition. A perfect familiarity with all the fortunes impacting the happening of an event would alter outlook into certainty, and leave neither room nor demand for a theory of chances. So, we need lessons which encourage engagement and thought without directing students into a probability-fuelled craze. I feel that the Key Maths books make a pretty just pang at this, and from my observation they work good when non the exclusive resource. Due to the nature of the subject, a balance needs to be struck between theory and pattern, and this can be achieved in portion through treatment and analysis of games. Games are frequently used because, as noted in the NCETM ;â€Å" Psychologically and socially, games are easy separated from real-life activity, so they provide a impersonal, nonthreatening context in which equity can be examined † .Again I should advert the fact that we must see the issue of equal chances with respects to games. Different civilizations have produced different games, and the usage of a game unknown to some students in a category can be both debatable and honoring. If cognition of a game is assumed, students unfamiliar with it will experience a nomic. Conversely, an unfamiliar game, if right explained and modelled, can open up new countries of cultural involvement for students. Clearly, consciousness of the issues within a category and school are important here, and it is with merely such affairs in head that Shan & A ; Bailey ( 1991 ) have devised chance activities which straight address cultural and cultural issues to guarantee there is no over-emphasis on Western point of views. To further develop my capable cognition in Probability, I have chosen to carry on the course of study undertaking with twelvemonth 9 ; in-between ability group ( put 5 ) pupils. The Key Stage 3 SATs consequence showed that all of these pupils were able to accomplish Level 5 with the exclusion of few who achieved a Level 4. This twelvemonth 9 category had four 50 proceedingss continuance mathematics lessons per hebdomad, and I had duty for two of these lessons. Initially I was patronised working with this category because, this set was more ambitious in both behavior and acquisition. Most of the students from this category would be taking their GCSE -Foundation Level. The School ‘s records indicated that 62.2 % of the campaigners who took GCSE achieved A* to C classs. The math Teacher Mr X was caput of math and his lesson is ever functional and good controlled, and I was certain that I will non have the same regard from the students. Before Christmas interrupt my learning experience with this category was centred chiefly on issues of subject. Most of the students larning were often disrupted by inappropriate schoolroom behavior and absenteeism. They were besides really hard to promote and actuate. Positive methods of subject, detainment and usage of the School ‘s behavior policy and referral system bit by bit improved my relationship with the category and besides made them to understand that I would ever maintain up to my word. This success strengthened my finding to better the acquisition environment and present a sense of mathematical accomplishment within this category. The Government, through the National Curriculum, has expressed their belief that chance is of great importance within the topic of mathematics. Understanding and utilizing chance appears in Key Stage 2 and characteristics strongly thenceforth. Most of the School offer statistics at GCSE degree and this tendency reflects the importance of statistics to modern consumers in a society where the ability to do determinations, interpret informations and communicate information is critical. I planned to include this model within my learning methodological analysis with careful planning. I intended to sharpen my accomplishments peculiarly in relation to puting prep, taging and work with single students error and misconception. As Boaler high spots â€Å" advanced ways instructors engage their pupils in acquisition and travel math from a ‘drill and kill ‘ experience to one where pupils become mathematicians, non merely rote memorisers â€Å" Therefore in add-on to this model, I intended to learn the usage of experimental activities with chance in lessons ; Bright and Hoeffner, 1993 provinces â€Å" Solutions to chance jobs frequently seen counter intuitive even for instructors † . I, hence, saw experimental activities playing an of import function in associating the theoretical and empirical attacks to chance.Each of the students in my category had been issued with both a New National Framework Text Book and prep Book. I intended to utilize them as resources supplementing them with worksheets and other instruction resources drawn from cyberspace.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Define an SLA and state why it is required in a risk adverse organization Essay

1. This is a closed-book, closed-notes quiz. No reference material (including assignments and labs) will be permitted for use during the quiz session. 2. The quiz contains the following types of questions: * Short essay type 3. Place your answers in the space immediately following each question. Quiz Questions 1. Define an SLA and state why it is required in a risk adverse organization. A SLA is a service level agreement, which is a contract between the ISP and the company. A SLA gives the company an idea of how much time they will be without services, should something happen with the ISP. A SLA is important to a company in making recovery plans, knowing what critical systems need to be available for a continuance of business and formulation of disaster recovery. 2. Using the user domain, define risks associated with users and explain what can be done to mitigate them. The user domain has several risk’s involved, as people are involved and there is no way employees can be monitored without the use of CCTV. Social engineering a person trying to obtain information through malicious means. The greatest tool in mitigating risk in the user domain is training and reminders for users to be aware of their surroundings. No acceptable user’s policy, AUP, or lack of training employees on the correct usage of the network. User accounts left active, if the employee is terminated, and another employee has the log on credentials. Mitigation would to be disabling all user accounts upon termination. . 3. Using the workstation domain, define risks associated within that domain and explain what can be done to reduce risks in that domain. The use of USB’s or disk, the files could contain viruses and infect other files or applications on the network. No acceptable user’s policy, AUP, or lack of training employees on the correct usage of the network. The users staying signed into their accounts when leaving their desk. Session timeout would help with this risk, but training and follow up with need to be done as well. 4. List four compliance laws or regulations or mandates, and explain them. HIPAA- covers all healthcare industries and states all patient information must be encrypted in storage, transmissions, and restrictions on access to the information. SOX- cover all publically traded companies and require auditing of the accounting procedures of the business. The reports required by SOX are reported to the SEC. Access to the financial information is restricted and based on need to know. FISMA- covers government agencies and is to ensure all assets of the government are protected. Assets like information, operations and actual machinery are protected from hackers or internal threats. Guidelines to develop a security guideline for government agencies, requires regular audits. CIPA-Child Internet Protection Act- covers federally funded entities’ than provide internet services to individuals, schools and libraries. The Act requires content filters to be used to prevent children from being exposed to harmful content, pornography and illicit sites on the internet. 5. Define risk with a formula. Explain what each variable means. Risk= Threat x Vulnerability- Threat is any compromise in the network that can be used for malicious behavior, an example worm, or Trojan horse. Vulnerability- is a weakness in the software or OS of a network that can be exploited for malicious intent. The two multiplied equals a risk to the information, assets or intellectual property of a business.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Music Appreciation of Chris Brown Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music Appreciation of Chris Brown - Essay Example Since Chris Brown ventured in the music industry, he has released several hit songs. Among the songs include the 2005 debut album Chris Brown which produced the top single ‘Run It’ and the second album, Exclusive, which was released in 2007 with top singles, such as ‘Kiss Kiss’ and ‘With You’. In 2008, Chris produced his third album titled ‘Forever’. Later Chris started collaborative music with popular artists like T-Pain, Bow Wow, Lil Mama and Rihanna who he became engaged to, but later separated. According to Thompson, in February 8, 2009, Chris physically assaulted Rihanna, then his girlfriend, a crime which he later pleaded guilty. Chris Brown was handed a five -year probation and also on a community service, besides losing most of his fans. From his childhood, growing while seeing his mother being subjected to physical violence by his stepfather. The experience has literally defined the relation between him and women, particula rly the female artists. Maybe it was out of that respect did Chris Brown not involve most of the female artists in his albums. Since his entry into the hip-hop and R&B entertainment industry, only a few female artists including Rihanna who was his girlfriend had been in his debut albums. It was ironically when in 2009 Chris Brown was charged for assaulting Rihanna- his girlfriend. Brown has been determined to shed off the past and the 2009 assault charges have significantly defined his music career.

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Answer 5 of the 8 question for speech assighnment Assignment

Answer 5 of the 8 question for speech assighnment - Assignment Example cal design, where one organizes the events that relate to the speech according to their significance, this would help in preventing one from leaving out anything vital. Use of a preparation outline could also prove helpful. One could write an outline and some few points below it, and this would help one highlight the key points that could be used to support the message being passed. This could be supported by a delivery outline. Delivery outline would help a speaker remember the sequence or the way by which he intends to deliver the speech. This will help prevent one from straining while trying to remember the point that should follow (Pink, 2009). Finally, the speaker should make sure to remember the general purpose of the speech. Sometimes one may tend to be carried away by the speech, and forget to stick to the purpose of the speech. Thus, by putting the broad purpose in mind, the speaker will be able to focus on delivering the broad goal of the speech. There are a number of ways by which one could gather resources so as to use as evidence in the speech. One of the methods could be to plagiarize. To plagiarize means to take ideas from another person, and deliver them as if they were one’s own. For example, one could borrow ideas from another person’s previous speech or a textbook, and deliver them to the audience as if they were one’s own (Pink, 2009). Another way one could gather resources could be through periodical optional, where one gets information about a topic from a research aid, where different articles have been put together for research purpose. It could be from magazines or even journals. The internet is also another reliable way by which one could get resources or evidence for one speech. All one needs to do is just Google the topic or the word one intends to speak about, and information about it will be provided. An online database could also be beneficial in helping a speaker gather information for his speech. This is easily done through

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Answering the questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 11250 words

Answering the questions - Assignment Example 3. It is extremely difficult to precisely define religion because there are several counterexamples posed. Diverse authors have provided various features of religion in their definitions. The feature of religion to express the complete reality of goodness in all aspects of living has been proposed by F.H. Bradley. On the other hand, C.P. Tiele has explained religion as the pure and authentic reverent disposition which is present in the mind frame and known as piety. 4. The working definition is that religion is constituted by a set of beliefs, actions and experiences, both personal and corporate, organized around a concept of an Ultimate Reality. Their definition is not satisfactory because a given religion, with its preferred attitudes and emotions, its prescribed rituals, its important stories and myths and its recommended way of life can never be fully understood. 5. Beliefs are truth claims or statements which are accepted to be true. In a particular sense, all religious have the ir bases in beliefs. The five basic areas of beliefs are as follows: a) Humans find themselves in a predicament b) Humans need a way to resolve the predicament c) There is an existence of a transcendent being which assists humans or is the very objective of existence d) This â€Å"something† can be approached or known in a particular manner e) Something must be done by human to achieve liberation or salvation 6. Philosophy of religion is the attempt to analyze and critically evaluate religious beliefs. This is mainly because philosophy is the study of beliefs and religious philosophy tries to evaluate the diverse beliefs on which religions are based. Religious philosophers try to seek answers to religious beliefs in determining whether they are consistent and coherent. Critical questions are raised as to whether religious beliefs are plausible, probable, meaningful and true. The twentieth century witnessed an advent of religious philosophers to be influenced by analogy. Thus, religious philosophy may also be referred to the study trying to analyze and clarify significant arguments and concepts. 7. a. The editors have an approach to critically review the diverse religious beliefs by trying to and clarify significant arguments and concepts. b. The issue in the discussion of â€Å"the God of the philosophers† and â€Å"the God of faith† is that rigorous intellectual investigation has nothing to offer to devout faith. 8. The unreflective persons are those who have not made a serious attempt to reflect on the grounds of opinions. On the other hand reflective persons are those who responsibly look at all relevant arguments, clarify key ideas and carefully trace the implications of beliefs. 9. The three points of a philosopher of religion is to try and think critically about the issues related to the theistic concept of God, respect serious and responsible thought despite the outcome and respecting the rational process demands that the points rec ognize the stance of philosophers of religion on significant issues. Assignment 1. A â€Å"person-relative view of proof† means that the argument should be sound with accurate premises and a valid conclusion should be drawn from the premises. A person should know the argument to be sound for it to function as a proof. The role of proof helps in extending knowledge and this

Monday, August 26, 2019

Mr. Green body paragraph Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mr. Green body paragraph - Essay Example "Mr. Green says that, too. What then? he has cried to me a thousand times, ten thousand times, in the past sixteen years." Although the grandfather is concerned that the ancestors will not be able to move south with the family, the narrator proves that they can move as far away as New Orleans by bringing Mr. Green with her to the United States. "My children teach him English words. He says all these things, but without any feeling. The Vietnamese words of my grandfather, however, come out powerfully, like someone very strong is inside him." As he nears the end of his life, Mr. Green begins to imitate the grandfathers death, which took six months for the human man. "Parrots are very smart. Mr. Green in particular. And he knows more than just my grandfathers words," the narrator says, going on to describe how the parrot has not only adopted the grandfathers disapproval of her chatter but also his appearance in the naked chest with the slack skin at the throat. Although she never had he r grandfather in the United States, the narrator feels she has had him with her in spirit in the form of Mr. Green and she continues to pray for his soul even after Mr. Green is dead. In this way, the parrot becomes a symbol of

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Housewife and Successful Managers Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Housewife and Successful Managers - Term Paper Example The researcher describes that the women in the housewife category are responsible for their entire households. Some of the women around the world decide to leave the paid workforce to concentrate on household responsibilities at their homes. These women may quit either partially, to provide childcare for their younger children, they may also be involved in part-time work from the paid workforce and they may return to either partial or fulltime work when their children have reached the schooling age. As they stay home, homemakers may increase their skills by either joining institutions to gain more knowledge on certain fields. It is stated that management is a way in which a family identifies and deals with current and the anticipated future changes. It involves a series of decision-making processes, that housewifes do and influence the general objectives and goals of the family. Regardless of limitations of resources, effective home management can guarantee achievement of desired obj ectives and goals. It involves planning, controlling and evaluation using the modern management techniques.The family as an entity or organization needs management. Housewives are regarded as the successful managers of their own homes, as they are the principle members of the family involved in the overall foresight of activities within a given family, which they have done with utmost efforts to ensure that the families have at least the basic requirement needs and that the families are driving towards a given direction towards a given goal.

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Network Securty Hardware and IDS systems Research Paper

Network Securty Hardware and IDS systems - Research Paper Example Routers have a built-in mechanism, which ensures LAN protection by blocking the packets invalid packets from moving on the LAN. A router not only checks for the valid destination address but also ensures the delivery of flawless packets to the destination. If a router finds any sort of error in a packet, it discards that packet and sends the remaining message to the destination. Therefore, we can say that a router is a very important data transfer device used on a network. Topic # 2 An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is a software application, which not only detects and stops unauthorized activities but also reports them to the network administrators for further action. One of the most famous Intrusion Detection Systems is Snort, which is used to detect the presence of worms, malicious activities, and unauthorized accesses. Haas (2010) states, â€Å"Snort is a libpcap-based packet sniffer/logger which can be used as a lightweight network intrusion detection system†. People ma ke use of Snort software to detect the hacking attempts on their networks. Snort examines every packet that a computer transfers over a network and reports transfer of suspicious packets to the administrators. Snort software manages a database in which it keeps all traffic signatures.

Friday, August 23, 2019

Science, Technology, and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Science, Technology, and Society - Essay Example entiate between science and technology and in the last section the author has provided various resources that can be helpful for students in expanding the knowledge. In the introduction section of the text the author discusses the involvement of technology in the society and its impact on society. The author focuses on the issue of privacy and how it has been impacted due to the use of technology. The author states that as an individual increases his/her acceptance of technology in their life, their privacy starts declining. Furthermore the demand for a paperless society has even threatened the privacy of individuals within the society. This is because technology has allowed individuals to operate in a paperless world, but at the same time individuals are increasing the number of copies of their information which is falling in the wrong hands. In the next section the author states that researchers are focusing on the research of STS and they are especially focusing on how the two fields including science as well as technology are impacting the environment of various social institutions. The author states that research in the field of STS focuses on the causal and effect relationship between science and technology and various constructs such as society and politics. The author states that there are various definitions of technology and some of them are correct while others are incorrect and individuals are misusing the term of technology. Various secondary terms have been created in attachment with technology due to the broadness of the field. The author states that in order to define technology an individual needs to consider the various characteristics of technology. After focusing on the difficulty of defining technology, the author focuses on the difference between technology and science. The author states that both the terms are now used in replacement of each other because it is believed that what is technological is even scientific. But this was not the

Assessment and Evaluation in aviation learning Essay

Assessment and Evaluation in aviation learning - Essay Example It is widely cited that advancements in technologies have been accompanied by wider research and application of education programs. The claim is a connotation that emphasizes how the effectiveness of these education research models may have gone beyond reproach. This paper carries out a critical evaluation of the claim and its implications on the development of aviation training. It explores the applicability of the ISD model components, focusing on assessment and evaluation as applied in aviation training. While cross examining the use of evaluation and assessment in aviation training, it will be of significant importance to understand ISD and its applicability in the learning process, as well as how its components are interlinked to yield a well structured model. An Instruction design model is a process traditionally utilized by developers of instructions and designers trainers to represent flexible and dynamic guidelines necessary for an effective performance and training for supp ort tools. The ISD model is composed of five phases (Rothwell & Kazanas, 2008). These include design, analysis, implementation, development, and evaluation. Analysis Analysis is the phase in which classification of the instructional problem is implemented. Additionally, it entails the establishment of objectives and goals, as well as identification of the learners existing skills and environment. Design Design phase specifically deals with objectives of the learning process, content, exercise, lesson planning, objectives and assessment criteria, as well as media selection. This phase should be specific and systematic. Development It is the phase in which developers and instructional designers assemble and create content assets blueprinted. In addition, graphics, content and storyboard are made in this phase. Programmers are involved in developing and integrating technology for the learners. Implementation At this stage, procedure used in facilitator’s training is developed. T he training must cover the learning outcomes, testing procedure and method of delivery, as well as Evaluation. Evaluation phase has two parts: summative and formative. The Formative evaluation processes are presented in each ADDIE stages. Summative evaluation, on the other hand, consists of tests that are designed for specific criterion-related item, and provides feedback opportunities identified by the users. Most instruction design models that are currently in use spanned off from ADDIE instruction design model (Rothwell & Kazanas, 2008). These include the dick and Carey and Kemp instructional system design models. The use of photo typing is one such improvement of the model. It involves receiving formative or continual feedback while creating the instructional materials. The model helps in saving time and money i.e. capturing problems when not yet fixed. The figure below shows the ADDIE model. The Jerold Kemp instructional design model and method defines nine components of the in structional design while adopting a continuous evaluation or implementation model (Jerrold, 1977). Jerold Kemp takes a wider view. This model adopts an oval shape that conveys the development and design of continuous cycles that require constant designing, assessment and development. This ensures that the instructions are well

Thursday, August 22, 2019

High school Essay Example for Free

High school Essay Our country has gone through many changes and development for the past few years. The continuous process made great impacts in the lives of millions of Filipinos. There are many aspects concerning the issues and problems in the Philippine Educational System as to how we can resolve it the best way we could to attain that kind of quality of education we have been searching and longing for. The researcher found out that the educational system is complicated because (1) it does notprescribe the national development (2) it is not responsive to the basic needs of the country (3) the implementation of programs are not properly monitored (4) it does not suite the educational globalization and (5) there is too much politics in education. We all know that all of these are due to population explosion, globalization and of course, the fault of the government in the system. Another problem is that the gap existing between the private and the public school systems. In addition, the students in the Philippines cannot be considered competent due to different matters. Another thing is the recent statement of the Department of Science and Technology Undersecretary Graciano Yumul Jr. that students in the Philippines cannot pass the global standards of education. Therefore, there is a need for the reform of the entire educational system in the Philippines especially in the public school system because Public schools are the building blocks of our societies. They can be considered our foundational instruments. Although these venues of learning play significant roles, they are unable to provide the best they can, due to their numerous flaws and faults. Generally, Philippine Education aims to provide quality and free education both for the elementary and secondary public schools but again this have not been observed and understood well causing it to be a burden most especially to the students and parents. Declining standards in public schools is one of the most controversial education issues today is the continuing decline in student learning.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Media coverage of the african continent

Media coverage of the african continent Introduction This thesis contemplates long standing issues surrounding media coverage of the African continent. Previous studies have shown a systematic trend amongst Western journalists to depict current events in developing nations, particularly African nations, from a negative and oversimplified perspective. It examines why important events in less-developed parts of the world often have their reality distorted in the Western media. Unfortunate precedence has shown that this is particularly relevant to the Western media in the context of its questionable conduct in covering the African continent. The media portrayal of the unrest in Sudans troubled Darfur region appears to reflect the errors that often lurk amidst the work of journalists covering humanitarian catastrophes in distant lands. In spite of Gà ©rard Pruniers assessment of the violence as the â€Å"quintessential ‘African crisis: esoteric, extremely violent, rooted in complex ethnic and historical factors which few understood, and devoid of any identifiable practical interest for rich countries,† Darfur generated an unanticipated amount of interest in the West. It quickly became the cause cà ©là ¨bre amongst people on both sides of the political divide. Darfurs power to transcend politics was most apparent in April 2006 as thousands of Americans converged into the nations capital to appeal for greater action to end the alleged genocide in Sudan. Republican senators joined Democrats such as Barack Obama to urge the Bush administration to take a more decisive approach to tackle the crisis and help refu ges escaping the violence. Although the event attracted prominent speakers including celebrities, politicians, athletes and Noble Peace Prize winners such as Elie Wiesel, the bulk of the crowd was comprised of ordinary Americans who donned blindfolds to urge political decision makers not to look away from the atrocities taking place in Darfur. The medias part in this event cannot be overstated. As conflicts in remote areas of the globe have little impact on the lives of ordinary Western citizens, regardless of the magnitude of the violence, the extent to which an ordinary person knows and cares is entirely contingent on the level of media coverage a conflict is granted. As such, the mass media has massive power in shaping both a governments foreign policy and the publics imagination of situations around the globe. The medias influence in determining the perception of the Darfur conflict was particularly immeasurable because in most instances it was the only image outside observers in the West received of the crisis itself. As a consequence of the medias attentiveness to the unfolding catastrophe in Sudan, they were able to spark a sophisticated and popular human rights campaign. Coupled with advocacy organizations such as the Save Darfur Coalition, an unlikely alliance of liberal and conservative groups, the mainstream med ia in the United States exposed their audiences to the atrocities that were unfolding in the Sub-Saharan nation. Yet, as Darfur burst onto the worlds consciousness in mid-2004 and became the Western medias darling as far as coverage was concerned, depressingly similar outbreaks of violence in Africa at the time, including in Uganda and the Congo, were all but overlooked. As such, this thesis aims to understand how a ‘quintessential African crisis became an international issue that garnered Western empathy and generated an unexpected level of press interest. Essentially, how did an internal crisis in a remote area of Sudan, where the concerns were primarily local, manage to capture the attention of campaigners and writers in the West? If we are to accept Susan Moellers claims that audience sympathies towards foreign deaths have hardened, and that the American public is largely interested in news events related to their own country, how did the narrative of Darfur, a story that does not contain an obvious American connection, overcome public apathy when other tragediesinAfricaare often unab le to? To better understand why Darfur was prioritized in the Western media and to better ascertain why certain foreign events became news the way they do, this thesis will examine the media press coverage of Darfur in the Washington Post and the New York Times during the first three years of the conflict. These two American newspapers were initially chosen for this study because of their high circulation numbers (601,669 and 1.65 million respectively) and the value that both these media organizations place on covering international affairs despite their opposing political leanings. Moreover, during the preliminary selection process to decide which newspapers to analyze in this thesis, it quickly became evident that compared to their rivals, the Washington Post and the New York Times had not employed news wire services such as Reuters and the Associated Press for their articles. These two American newspapers mostly relied upon their own correspondents and journalists to deliver stories from the ground, either from Sudan itself or from neighboring Chad. In addition to the published articles from the Washington Post and the New York Times, Britains Guardian newspaper has been included in this study for critical examination as it offers a unique opportunity to investigate whether a newspapers national affiliation and political culture has any impact on the presentation of the Darfur issue. Methodological Approach And Organization Of This Thesis This thesis is divided into five sections. The second chapter will address the fundamental question: how did the Washington Post, the New York Times and the Guardian report on the Darfur conflict and what were the prominent themes and media framing devices evident in their articles? This chapter will examine the content (what the journalists covered) and the form (how the journalists covered the conflict). Due to the scope of examining three newspapers over a three year period, this thesis will concentrate on critical moments in media reportage of the Darfur disaster. As such, this chapter and the thesis at large is not a quantitative study of the media treatment of Darfur. Rather, it merely attempts to highlight the peaks and lows of media coverage in order to ascertain the reasons behind the fluctuating press interest. Five decisive moments will be studied: 2003 in its entirety, April 2004, June 2004, September 2004 and January 2005 The third chapter will provide an extensive critique of the media representation of the violence in Darfur and scrutinize the themes that emerged from the three newspapers in question. The purpose of this particular section is to address whether the Western newspapers in question appropriately covered or mishandled the Darfur crisis. By exploring the construction of Arab and African identity in the Sudanese context, this thesis will analyze and explain how through the use of emotive language and framing, the American press were able to create and solidify a misleading image of the crisis as a genocidal campaign instigated by Arabs against an indigenous African population. It will address the controversy surrounding Darfurs genocide status under international law. With this objective in mind, this thesis will refer to ‘genocide only as it was defined by the United Nations in 1948. This chapter also seeks to expose important dimensions to the conflict that many journalists overlo oked as they peddled one convenient version of the violence at the expense of critical evidence. The latter part of the thesis will draw upon seminal postcolonial theory to explain why Darfur captured the public imagination and the attention of Western journalists. It will examine whether the medias interest and frequent misrepresentation of Darfur can be read in the larger context of a new Orientalist discourse. This chapter will also endeavor to explore the possible reasons and motives behind the Western media interest in Darfur. Literature Review Foreign news stories related to the African continent are often characterized by images of tribal warfare, rampant disease, political instability, famine and despotic regimes. These unpleasant misrepresentations of African issues have been closely studied since the ‘New World Information and Communication Order debates of the 1970s. The historical media debates were instigated by developing non-aligned states as a response to the lopsided transfer of mass communication content from Western nations to poorer nations that often reflected the preferences of Western news agencies. Scholars such as Hassan M. El Zein, Anne Cooper and Melissa Wall have all acknowledged its relevance to contemporary media discussions. These scholars insist that the tendency amongst Western media organizations to disproportionately focus on the negative, the violent and the exotic when it comes to covering developing regions and particularly African issues did not end with the great media debates of the 1970s. Their findings are not dissimilar to Abiodun Goke-Pariolas contention that the Africa continent as a whole suffers from a long practice of media neglect and when African issues are eventually acknowledged in the Western press, the stories and images are permeated with stereotypes and tropes that have persisted since the time of slavery and imperialism. The fifty-three distinct nations that make the African continent are often treated as a homogenous entity comprised of uncivilized heathens who are unable to govern themselves. If and when Africans are shown in the western media, Goke-Pariola argues that they are regularly portrayed to be poor, helpless and malnourished. Michael Maren points out that such graphic descriptions and imagery work to advance the notion that the inhabitants of African are reliant on the compassionate West for their survival. Whilst reports in the Western press about conflicts on the African continent are frequently crisis-driven in such a way as to insinuate that the inhabitants are naturally more prone to violence, journalists rarely make mention of the Wests connection to the violence. In his article titled American Media and African Culture, Bosah Ebo emphasizes the lack of historical context in media stories about the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Ebo notes that Western journalists covering Rwanda repeatedly failed to make the association between the ongoing civil war and the impact of the Belgian colonial legacy of politicizing Rwandan ethnicity by pitting Hutus against Tutsis in their ‘divide and rule strategy. Instead, the genocide was portrayed as another African crisis fuelled by irrational tribal hatred. Wall echoes similar sentiments in a comparative study of the Rwandan and Bosnian crises. In her analysis of American newspaper coverage of the two conflicts, Wall found that whilst the ethnically motivated violence in Bosnia was framed as an aberration for Europeans, despite the largest genocide occurring in Germany, the conflict in Rwanda was portrayed as standard behavior for Africans. David Gordon and Howard Wolpe have claimed that this level of misinterpretation and formulaic media treatment of the African ‘continent as little more than a gigantic basket case leaves Western audiences with an unconscious sense of cultural, intellectual and political superiority. As most Americans have never visited Africa and probably never will, the images of the African continent that most Americans hold to be real and authentic come courtesy of the media. This view of Africa as the ‘dark continent is primarily based on press coverage and is also ‘an outgrowth of a deeply burie d, fundamental set of cultural assumptions about race and civilization that have been building in Western culture for at least four hundred years. Despite this extensive scholarship on the mass medias portrayal of Africa, modest research exits in the field of Darfur and the media. Much like David Campbells Geopolitics and Visuality: Sighting the Darfur conflict, this thesis is limited to the study of contemporary events in Western Sudan. In his study of the photo-journalism of the Darfur conflict, Campbell found that most photos were graphic images of starving and dying women and babies in refugee camps. Unlike Campbells study however, this thesis attempts to go beyond content analysis that largely corroborates prior studies on media casing of African issues. It endeavors to comprehend the outpouring of humanitarian good will that the atrocities in Darfur produced in the West and the possibility that strategic geopolitical interests played a role in the medias intense interest in the conflict. Pippa Norris, Politics and the Press: The News Media and Their Influences (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1997), 23; Eronini R. Megwa and Ike S. Ndolo, â€Å"Media image and development: political and economic implications of U. S. media coverage of Africa,† in Development and democratization in the Third World: myths, hopes, and realties, ed. Kenneth E. Bauzon (Washington: Crane Russak, 1992), 267-272. Gà ©rard Prunier, Darfur: the ambiguous genocide (New York: Cornell University Press, 2005), 124. For a detailed analysis of media power and the CNN effect, the theory that postulates that the modern mass media have a significant bearing on the conduct of foreign policy, see Piers Robinson, â€Å"Operation Restore Hope and the Illusion of a News Driven Media Intervention.† Political Studies 49 (2001): 942. Prunier, Darfur: the ambiguous genocide, 124. Susan D. Moeller, Compassion fatigue: how the media sell disease, famine, war, and death (London: Routledge, 1999), 11. William Preston, Jr., Edward S. Herman, and Herbert I. Schiller, Hope folly: the United States and Unesco, 1945-1985 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), 296. A.Goke-Pariola, Africa in the â€Å"New World Order†: Old Assumptions, Myths, and Reality, available from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED347842; [24 June 2009] Michael Maren, The road to hell: the ravaging effects of foreign aid and international charity (New York: Free Press, 1997), 13. Bosah Ebo, â€Å"American Media and African Culture† in Africas media image, ed.Beverly G. Hawk (New York: Praeger, 1992), 18. Ibid. Melissa Wall, â€Å"A pernicious new strain of the Old Nazi virus and an orgy of tribal slaughter: A comparison of US news magazine coverage of the crises in Bosnia and Rwanda.† 59 (1997): 411-428 David F.Gordon, Howard Wolpe, â€Å"The Other Africa: An End to Afro-Pessimism.† World Policy Journal 15 (1998): 9 E. J. Murphy, The African Mythology: Old and New. (Storrs, CT: World Education Project, 1973), 1. David Campbell, â€Å"Geopolitics and visuality: Sighting the Darfur conflict,† Political Geography 26, (2007): 357-382.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Edgar Allan Poe Writing Style Analysis

Edgar Allan Poe Writing Style Analysis Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) was an American author born in Boston. His use of terror and the supernatural made him famous as one of the popular gothic writers. Poe wrote numerous books and poems with some 18+ noted books to his credit. His mystery writing was recognised by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle as being exceptional and the ability to bring life into the characters portrayed. The life and works of Poe are particularly well explored in the book The political economy of literature in antebellum America by Terence Whalen. In addition the book Edgar Allan Poe: a biography by Milton Meltzer describes the literary works and criticism of Poes books and poems. INTRODUCTION Edgar Allan Poe was noted for his gothic horror style of writing. Nevertheless he also used his writing to express political sentiments, particularly that regarding racism, slavery and social distinctions in the Southern USA. This was compared to the situation in Europe with Poe supporting the concept of slavery. The author Toni Morrison in her book entitled Playing in the Dark identified Poe along with Mark Twain as an author whose work was haunted by blackness. Toni Morrison claims that no early American writer was more important than Poe in shaping a concept of American Africanism  [1]   The works of Poe were largely obscured for some 50 years after his death owing to copyright restrictions held by his Executor Dr. Rufus B Griswold. It is nearly fifty years since the death of Edgar Allan Poe, and his writings are now for the first time gathered together with an attempt at accuracy and completeness  [2]  . Despite the production of numerous poems Poe was best known for his genre of horror and science fiction novels and Walt Whitman  [3]  described his works as Poes verses illustrate an intense faculty for technical and abstract beauty, with the rhyming art to excess, an incorrigible propensity toward nocturnal themes, and a demoniac undertone behind every page. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ There is an indescribable magnetism about the poets life and reminiscences, as well as the poems  [4]  . Poes life was surrounded by tragedy with his parents passing away when he was just 3 years old. He became obsessive with drink and gambling and this resulted in his own rather obscure death as a drunk in Baltimore. Despite this his poems and novels that explored the conditions of the human psyche earned him international fame both during his life and after his death. He was viewed as a tortured soul who was obsessed with death, violence and a sense of the macabre yet still gained an appreciation for those mysteries that life had to offer. Poe was acknowledged by such notary poets as Longfellow, Wordsworth, Tennyson and Whitman. Despite his critics he left a legacy of gothic works that would later inspire film makers and other novelists in the horror and supernatural genre. Poe was acknowledged by the international community as an acclaimed writer of stories and poems in the gothic horror style. He was also critical of the political scene in light of the turbulent changes in the Southern USA. He brought a style of gothic writing in order to make statements and used the concept of terror, mystery and the supernatural to bring fear and terror to society. This paper explores the different examples of Poes writing and provides a modern interpretation of his different styles and uses. A cross-section of Poems, Short Stories in the genre of horror, mystery and terror. LITERATURE OF EDGAR ALLAN POE THE TELL TALE HEART The Tell-Tale Heart is a short story composed by Edgar Allen Poe. It is rather a ghoulish story concerning the murder of an old man who is dismembered and his body buried under floor-boards. The murder subsequently loses his sanity believing the heart of the old man is still beating under the floorboards. It talks of the old man having a Vulture Eye, the apparent reason for the pre-meditated murder. The conflict is on the murders insistence of his own sanity but in so doing it becomes self-destructive as the defence build-up the case to his ultimate admission of guilt. It is a saga of guilt, remorse and the dreadful concept of haunting of the human mind for an act so reprehensible. Clearly the murderer is the protagonist at the central theme of this story and the old man the antagonist by the concept of the vulture eye  [5]   As the sound of the old mans heartbeat gets louder. The murder becomes more paranoid and believes that others can hear it, including the police officers who are present at the scene of the crime. The illusion and paranoia eventually lead to the murder believing the police know that he is guilty and the murders tortured soul eventually leads him confessing his guilt of the crime. This leads the murder to the evidence and telling the police the whereabouts of the body and instruction to tear up the floor boards. The plot demonstrates the struggle between imagination and science. The old man the rationale scientific mind and the narrator the imaginative THE CASK OF AMONTILLADO The Cask of Amontillado was written by Edgar Allen Poe in 1846. It was developed as a short story in Godeys Ladys Book. The setting was in an unnamed city in Italy, the period was not indicated but assume somewhere in the 18th Century. The theme of this story is about REVENGE. During the 19th Century the people seemed to have a great interest in this subject matter and as such this was a popular tale. Poe was rather a dark or grim writer and this story was unveiled from the perspective of the murderer. Poe had the unique talent of being able to penetrate the inner mind and psychology of the murder and acts of insanity. From this he could create a graphical depiction of both horror and terror that leaves the sane reader aghast. The subject of revenge is particularly potent material and allows the writer to demonstrate the meaning of hatred and the steps someone would take in order to exact a terrible revenge. Characters in the story The story focuses around two main characters that of Montresor (Murderer) and his victim Fortunato, both men of noble birth. Montresor was extremely angry over some unspecified insult from Fortunato and as a result plans his murder. His aim or plan being to distract him during carnival time, when the festivities find the man in a drunken stupor, wearing the disguise of a jesters attire. The Plot Montresor captures the attention of Fortunato by describing a procurement of a very valuable cask of sherry the Cask of Amontillado and requires Fortunatos expert opinion on the quality of the wine. From this point he lures Fortunato through a series of subterranean passages beneath his Palazzo. When the two men reach the cellar containing the wine, Montresor grabs Fortunato and chains him to the wall and then proceeds to build a new wall and seal him in leaving him to die. In re-telling his story some 50 years later Montresor says he has never been captured and in so far as he knows the body of Fortunato still hangs suspended in the niche where it was bricked in all those years ago. The unrepentant murder stating In pace requiscat (may he rest in peace). The story undoubtedly had an influence on later writers This story and Poes other short fiction had an undisputed influence on later fiction writers. In the nineteenth century, Poe influenced Ambrose Bierce and Robert Louis Stevenson among others. Twentieth-century writers who have looked to Poe include science fiction writer H. P. Lovecraft and horror author Stephen King.  [6]   Analysis and Symbolism The theme and plot of the story is based upon murder and revenge. It is not a mystery or detection story, the mystery resides in the actual motives for which Montresor committed murder. Montresor indicated that he received a thousand injuries, although no substantive reasons were provided. The reader is left to determine the cause of the motives, including the probability that Montresor was in fact insane. There are some contradictions in the story, for example: Fortunato is introduced to the readership as a wine expert he becomes so drunk he would be unable to identify the Amontillado and treats De Grave, an expensive French wine, with little regard by drinking it in a single gulp  [7]   The tale also indicates that Montresor was of noble birth and yet he demonstrated brick laying skills, more normally associated with the working class. It is known that the author had knowledge of the subject matter in his personal life and as such appreciated the visual horrors of such an abstraction to his audience. Poe worked in the brickyard late in the fall of 1834.  [8]  Vincent Buranelli made a number of observations about the story and in more general terms about Poes morbid fascination with death. He expanded by saying how this had influenced musicians of the time including Debussy According to Vincent Buranelli, Poes short stories also influenced the music of Claude Debussy, who was haunted by the atmosphere of Poes tales, and the art of Aubrey Beardsley, as well as the work of other composers and artists in the United States, Great Britain, and in Europe.  [9]  The gothic style of Poes writing has a distinct sense of morbidity about it The thousand injuries of Fort unato I had borne as I best could; but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge. You, who so well know the nature of my soul, will not suppose, however, that I gave utterance to a threat. At length I would be avenged.  [10]  The analysis of the phrase is interesting. It suggests a building of in sufferance from the relationship with Fortunato culminating in a final insult that threw Montresor into a fit of rage and ultimately to a plot of murder. For this to build into such a state illustrates the apparent lack of dialogue and trust between the two supposed friends. This also leads the reader to question the state of mind of Montresor and indeed question his very sanity. Richard P Benton (a noted writer on Poe) asserted that the character for Montessori was in actual fact based upon Claude de Bourdeille, Count of Montresor a political conspirator in the court of King Louis X111.  [11]   THE RAVEN The Raven was first published in 1845. It is regarded as a classic American poem. The poet describes that of a talking Raven which visits a distressed lover and ultimately traces the mans emotions as he steps into the depths of insanity. The man is considered to be a student who is lamenting over the loss of his lover called Lenore. The Raven is a mysterious bird symbolic of death and repeats the words never more. The man asks the Raven questions but it only answers Never more and as such he will never be reunited with his Lenore and his soul shall not be lifted Never more. At the time the poem came in for a fair amount of criticism, in addition to the acclaim from other poets. It was considered to be inspired by the work of Charles Dickens from his novel Barnaby Rudge. The Raven is considered to be a devil like creature that is symbolic of both black magic and the devil. The end result of the poem is that the student will never get over the grief for his lost Lenore. Lenore also tra nslates to Helen [Helen of Troy representing beauty] and the bust of Pallas is representative of the Greek goddess Athena [the goddess of wisdom]. This is symbolic of the fact that grief and sorrow displace wisdom and common sense in the mans life. This is a complex poem with many meanings. Poe was particularly artful at understanding ancient greek mythology and being able to both intertwin this with comparisons to characters in his own narrations. He demonstrated similar characteristics with figures out of European history and related these to American literature. It is important to understand that many of Poes readers were international and particularly from Europe where he had a large following. This translation therefore became an important part of reaching that audience. THE BLACK CAT Is a short story narrated by Poe. It was compiled in 1843 and falls under the horror genre. The story focuses upon the deteriorating life of an alcoholic but also it involves animal abuse and murder. It is useful to note that Poe himself had a serious drinking problem and in Baltimore he fell into bad company. This may well have influenced this work based upon his own shortcomings and fear of falling into madness as a result of alcoholism. The story is a mystery novel and about the unlocking of clues to a murder, as revealed by the mysterious black cat. It is the location of hidden objects that allow you to solve puzzles that allude to the murder. The cat is called Pluto [ Roman name for the God of the underworld] and symbolic of the devil and hell. The black cat is also associated with bad luck and misfortune. The cat is used to depict the insanity of the narrator as he spins out of control due to the worsening effects of alcoholism. This Gothic tale becomes all the more shocking as youre about to get inside the mind of an insane person and ultimately it leaves you to ponder the shocking story and the acts committed by the man i.e. The walling up of his wife and the black cat in the cellar. Poe was highly influenced by drink and opium and this may well account for his ability to graphically define horror, based upon the horrors that he experienced from drink and drugs. Opium was known for its hallucogenic qualities an d Poe had a love of cats; hence it becomes easier to understand how his mind finds it easier to start and unravel the workings of insanity and the unfortunate influences of advanced alcoholism. THE PIT AND THE PENDALUM The pit and the pendulum is another short story compiled by Poe in 1842. It tells the story of a young prisoner that is tortured as part of the Spanish inquisition. The story depicts what it is like to be tortured and attempts to place to reader in a state of fear, thereby appealing to the senses and sounds that hinge upon realism. The tall candles that are melting depict the prisoner and his life ebbing away with little hope of remission or rescue. The prisoner is locked in a dark prison which he thinks is his tomb. The prisoner becomes aware that he has been bound in a pit with a scythe like pendulum slowly swinging down towards him. This will be the instrument of his execution but the prisoner is able to attract rats to gnaw his bones and release him. He is finally rescued before the inner walls move inwards and force him to his death at the bottom of the pit. Although Poe takes historical license with the story it is widely held that the pit and pendulum were used in torture devi ces by the Spanish inquisition. The story was later made into a film starring the actor Vincent Price. Some have contrasted this work to the situation of slavery in the Southern States i.e. the concept of bondage and being a prisoner, the sense of life ebbing away with no remission from slavery, the torture being the lashing and brutality inflicted upon slaves by their masters and the final rescue being the freedom from slavery by the Northern Union Army at the end of the civil war. The comparison being the Spanish Inquisition to the plight of the slaves. FALL OF THE HOUSE OF USHER This story relates to the decline of a family and house [the House of Usher]. From the beginning the author paints a bleak view of rot and decay in a cold autumnal setting The novel compares the crumbling decay of the house to that of the family that dwells within. The characters Roderick and Madeleine are twins and represent the mental and physical decline of the family. Roderick believes that the stones of the house have a consciousness and as such they embody the fate of the Usher family. Within the novel Poe gets to grips with the inner workings of the human imagination and the destructive concepts that reside within. The results of this lead to mental illness and death from the torturous terror of the imagination. The house itself crumbles into the deep and dark tarn,  [12]  (Womak 2010) and depicts the narrator fleeing from madness in order to protect his own sanity. Some critics related this piece to the destruction of the plantations, properties and families in the Southern States by the persecution of the Northern Union armies. The crumbling decay of the house being that of the confederate states and how old ideas and families were being crushed under the concept of change by the slavery abolitionist movement of the North. The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar This short story was first published in 1845. This tells the story of a dying man. A mesmerist places a man into a state of hypnosis shortly before his time of death. He examines the concept of hypnotizing a man dying of tuberculosis in order to see what happens to him. The man is left in the hypnotic state for seven months. The dying man (Valdemar) beckons to be woken or allowed to die by wagging his tongue. During the hypnotic state he was pale, cold and without pulse. As the hypnotist eventually wakes him Valdemars voice shouts Dead! Dead! And as he comes out of the trance his body instantly decays into a putrefied liquid mass of decayed material. Poe was known to have deeply studied medical tests and post mortem examinations and as such was able to assemble a picture of words in order to depict the horror and gore. Additional influence to this story might have been the suffering and death of his wife Virginia who died from Tuberculosis; having suffered to the point of her departu re. The Masque of the Red Death This popular short story follows the main character of Prince Prospero who tries to escape a plague called The Red Death, by hiding in his abbey with his noble friends. During this time they have a masked ball which covers many different coloured rooms. During the ball a strange masked figure enters the room dressed in a shroud like costume. This enrages Prospero who demands to know who this person is and wants him hanged. He ignores the Prince and this enrages Prospero who chases after him with a drawn dagger. Prospero confronts the stranger in the Black room and shortly after is found dead. The guests find both Prospero and the stranger on the floor. They remove the mask from the stranger only to find a faceless creature that is Red Death itself. After this all of the nobility succumb to the disease and are found dead. Although the disease is fictitious it might be symbolic of the Black Death that swept through the middle ages in Europe. The point made is that nobody ultimately esc apes death regardless of wealth or position. Death comes to us all in the end. Other theories are that Poe was influenced by the death of his wife Virginia and her suffering due to that of tuberculosis. The Murders in the Rue Morgue Poe first published this murder mystery in 1841 in Grahams Magazine. It tells the story of the brutal saying of two women in the Rue Morgue of Paris. One had her throat cut and the other strangled. This was one of the earliest detective novels that inspired fictional characters of Sherlock Holmes and Hercule Poirot. The central detective figure in this story being one Auguste Dupin. The detective found his first clue by discovering some hair that was not of human origin. In addition witnesses recounted having heard noises and sounds in a language that they had never heard before. Dupin suspected that this might be an Ourang-Outang and set about placing an advert for someone who might have lost such an animal. It was discovered that a sailor had brought one from Borneo and that the animal had escaped with a shaving razor. The animal emulating shaving on the victims. Poe wrote this story at a time when crime and detection was held in great fascination in both London and New York. It aimed at proving the point of brains over brawn i.e. the brains of the skilled detective versus the brute strength of the ape. Poe was said to have inspired Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (Sherlock Holmes) and Agatha Christie (great mystery and detective writer). Comparisons were made to the captivation and treatment of the Ape. As the Ape was brought from its native Borneo to a strange land and subjected to the dangerous practices of its captor (sailor); so the negro was transplanted from Africa to the plantations of the Americas and subject to the bondage and harsh treatment of his new master. The Premature Burial This short story was based upon the concept of being buried alive. It focuses upon a person who has been struck down with a condition called catalepsy which puts you into a death like trance. Here a person is buried alive and only at a later date when the tomb is opened is the accident revealed. Poe takes advantage of a fear that was prevalent amongst people of the 19th century in the concept of being buried alive. It again illustrates Poes fascination with the morbidity of death. The Imp of the Perverse This story is about that of an imp or demon that influences a person in order to conduct acts of mischief. The story starts with a candle, having been placed in the room of a victim, and omits a poisonous vapour. The leads to the death of the victim who reads at night by the candlelight in a poorly ventilated room. The narrator, being the murderer, believes he has got away with the crime after the coroner delivers a verdict of an act of god The narrator subsequently inherits the house and enjoys the benefits from the deed for many years to come. He feels that the only way he will ever be caught is that if he confesses the crime. He later finds himself running through the streets and confesses the deed to an invisible friend. This leads to him being tried, convicted and sentenced to death. The story is based upon the premise that all people lean towards self-destructive tendencies and that ultimately we cannot avoid the moral responsibility for the deed that we perform. Other critics have suggested that the story related purely to Poes life and his depiction of personal torment and self-destruction. It occurred at a time when he felt betrayed and held a public feud with the English poet Henry Longfellow. THE ANGEL OF THE ODD This was a satirical study narrated by Poe in 1844. The story is based upon a man who died after swallowing a needle accidentally. This results in the appearance of an odd character made of a keg and wine bottles (the angel of the odd), who is said to be the root cause of these bizarre events. The man is not convinced of the story and falls into a drunken stupor. The man later wakes up to find that his house is on fire and narrowly escapes death by clambering down a ladder from the upper window of the house. During the escape a hog brushes past the ladder causing the man to fall and break his arm. He later tries to woo two different women who laugh at his wig, this he was forced to wear after his hair was singed in the fire. All of these misadventures lead the man to feel he is cursed and he attempts suicide by drowning. During this incident a crow steals his clothes and the ensuing chase sees the man falling off a cliff only to be rescued by the rope hanging from a hot air balloon. At this time the angel of the odd re-appears and asks him to confess that bizarre events can really happen. The man refuses and the angel cuts the rope allowing the man to fall to his death. This is seen as the revenge of the angel. The story contains many parallels with Poes own life. In particular the results of his addiction with alcohol and possibly drugs. Opiate drugs of a hallucogenic nature were widely used at this time and particularly in sea ports like Baltimore where Poe lived for some time and was known to have become an alcoholic living amongst bad company. Poe was also considered to be a tortured soul of self-destructive tendencies. This contributed to his gothic style of writing. BERENICE Berenice was a horror story compiled by Poe in 1835 and follows the sag of one Egaeus destined to marry his cousin Berenice. His future bride is seen to deteriorate in health by an unknown disease that leaves only her teeth in a healthy state. Berenice dies and is buried leaving Egaeus with an obsession over her teeth. One day a servant enters his room to inform him that Berenices grave has been disturbed and she is still alive. Egaeus is found to have a box containing 32 blood stained teeth with a poem that tells of his visits to the grave of his beloved. This is clearly an indication of the insanity of Egaeus and his obsession with the only healthy remaining component of the teeth. Critics were shocked by the gruesome account and graphic horror of the story. They questioned Poes state of mind to write such stories. Poe may well have been influenced by the suffering of his wife Victoria and dyeing from Tuberculosis as she suffered an agonising and prolonged death. There is also some question over Poes sanity given his connection to drink, drugs and tendencies of self-destruction and his fascination with death. ELEONORA Eleonora tells the story of the narrator who resides with his cousin in the valley of the many coloured grass. It was considered to be an idyllic paradise of tropical birds, fragrant flowers, and softly running streams. Eleonora was ill and was beautiful only waiting to die. She did not fear death but only the loss of her lover from the valley to another. Once Eleonora dies the valley starts to fade and lose its splendour. The narrator leaves the valley and moves to a City where he meets and marries Emengarde. Eleonora visits the narrator from the afterlife and blesses the couple stating that they are absolved and the reasons would be made known in heaven. This has a direct correlation with the life of Poe and particular the suffering and death of his wife Virginia. During the time that she suffered for five years Poe lived with his younger cousin who later became his wife. It is the question of guilt and absolution from sins. Poe considering his feelings for the love of other women whilst his wife was dying. Poe was clearly tormented by the suffering of his wife. GOTHIC WRITING PERIOD SIGNIFICANCE The concept of gothic horror writing derives from the Germanic race of Goths or Visigoths in Europe. These people were well known in Europe as a fierce race of people that dealt in tales of death and the supernatural. Gothic writing has been associated with horror since the mid-18th Century. In particular the literary works of Edgar Allan Poe and Bram Stoker (the author of Dracula). The style of gothic writing gained its popularity during the period 1750-1820. In England the Bronte Sisters and particularly Emily with the story of Wuthering Heights. In the USA this was picked up in the South by such writers as William Faulkner and his book entitled A rose for Emile. Another was the Pulitzer Prize winning book of To kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee and made into a great film starring Gregory Peck. Poe believed his art-all art-should be evaluated by international, rather than national or regional, standards, but he was, nonetheless, frequently identified at the time with the South. He did not defend his regions politics or social customs, like other antebellum southern writers, but his lyricism was common to southern poets. Raised a Virginian, Poe sometimes posed as the southern gentleman, even if transcending regionalism in his work.  [13]   THE POLITICAL CHANGES IN THE SOUTH During the division between the North and Southern states it was widely held that Poe was politically motivated towards the South Certain scholars perceive this conflict in terms of a North-South division and view Poe as the representative of a southern literary tradition fighting against the domination of the New England literary circle.  [14]  Despite serving in the Union Army and spending time at West Point it was widely held that Poes sympathies remained with the south; based upon his formative years in Richmond Virginia. Poe became somewhat controversial in that he defended the point of view regarding slavery in the South. He drew parallels between ant-slavery agitation at the time of Cromwell (England) and the French Revolution. He pointed out that these were all about an attack on property; the excuse being the freedom of the slaves. He further stated that recent events in the West Indies and the Southern States all give rise to the potential recurrence of a property grab being initiated by Northern States land owners who are politically motivated. Poe went on to say that there existed a relationship between the slave and the master; the slave being very loyal to the Master. The Master in turn provided employment, shelter and security. Poe wrote this from the perspective of a southern family who had owned slaves. He was particularly vocal during his editorship of the Messenger in Virginia and he published a number of tablets referred to as Pinakidia.  [15]   Poe saw a trend in the market place where a huge number of publications were being sold that depicted the graphic horror of slavery. Poe utilized this trend in his own narration covering both the pro and anti-slavery viewpoints. As such many of his tales traded upon the terror of slavery. Poe masters the concept of slavery in order to invoke terror into his readers. In the story of Hop Frog he indicates how the literary market place turns the author into a slave for the voracious appetite of the audiences for horror.  [16]  Poe deals with the integration of slavery into that of racial stereotyping as seen in Murders in the Rue Morgue, the ape that has been captured and forced to respond to a strange land. CONCLUSIONS Edgar Allan Poe achieved greater acclaim as an author and a poet in international circles as opposed to in the USA. His literary executor Rufus Griswald was considered to be both jealous and an enemy of Poe. He branded Poe as a drunkard and opium addict and defamed him to American literary society. It was some 50 years after Poes death that the genius of his work started to receive international acclaim. Poe in a way went downhill after the death of his wife and he became much more involved

Monday, August 19, 2019

social science :: essays research papers

I knew then that I wanted to devote my studies to learning how body mechanisms react to varying chemicals. Witnessing innovative pharmaceutical research had only intensified my passion for biochemistry, a subject I had become fascinated with in high school; it had intrigued me because it integrated my love of chemistry with my desire to learn more about biological processes. My A-level studies provided me with a solid introduction to biochemistry; I now seek a greater academic focus and more extensive research opportunities by pursuing a university degree. Throughout high school, my extracurricular activities sharpened skills I will need in my biochemistry course-even if the activities often involved dance and music rather than science. Each week, I spent the majority of my spare time participating in {List school-related music and dance activities}. I also participated in my local parish's band and was elected Band Leader by the other members. Serving in this leadership position has allowed me to shape a community music program and taught me just how much I have learned about time-management and commitment. My busy schedule has required me to carefully divide my time among my academics, extracurricular interests, family and friends; throughout it all, I have prioritised my academics while remaining firmly committed to my outside pursuits. During my biochemistry studies, this balancing act will prove extremely useful as I seriously dedicate myself to my academics while also maintaining time for my hobbies and relationships. Five years ago, I had the opportunity to visit Birmingham, England-and I loved every minute of it. The people, the culture and the location all sparked my interest in one day living in England.

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Poor Parents Must Educate Their Children Essay example -- Solutions to

A child does not show up for school for the third day in a row and the teacher notices that a pattern of absences has appeared. Is it the child’s fault? The parents’ fault? Can the school do something to stop this trend? There is a definite association between the parents of a child in poverty and the education that child does (or does not) receive, and there are many factors that play into this connection: intimidation the parents feel, expectations put on the child, parent employment, location and condition of the school, and health issues. Unfortunately, all of these issues mean that children in poverty are on an unequal plane when it comes to education, compared to children in higher classes of socio-economic status. Lord Acton wrote of the United States over 140 years ago, â€Å"In a country where there is no distinction of class, a child is not born to the station of its parents, but with an indefinite claim to all the prizes that can be won by thought and labor . It is in conformity with the theory of equality . . . to give as near as possible to every youth an equal state in life. Americans are unwilling that any should be deprived in childhood of the means of competition.†1 It is sad and ironic how this statement is not true in the United States today. Parents may not want to get involved in their child’s school life because schools have a negative connotation in their minds. Many adults in poverty grew up in poor families and have bad memories of school from their childhoods. They may have been bullied or did not make good grades. There may be an association for them between school and feeling stupid. Also, some parents of students in poverty have a lower level of education than the people working at schools. When talking to principals or teachers, a parent does not want to feel inferior in the conversation. The more diverse vocabulary used by the faculty and staff at schools can be intimidating. This is one reason why parents are reluctant to get involved in reading programs, the Parent Teacher Association, and other extra-curricular activities. In order to distance themselves from the feeling of inferiority, parents distance themselves from their children’s schools. In addition to being physically distant from the place their children receive their education, parents of children in poverty may not breach the topic verbally. Parental encouragement ... ...91. Philipsen, Maike Ingrid. â€Å"The Problem of Poverty: Shifting Attention to the Non-Poor.† In Late to Class: Social Class and Schooling in the New Economy, edited by George Noblit and Jane A. Van Galen, 269-285. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007. Polakow, Valerie. â€Å"In the Shadows of the Ownership Society: Homeless Children and Their Families.† In Invisible Children in the Society and Its Schools, edited by Sue Books, 39-62. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2007. Pollitt, Ernesto. â€Å"The Relationship between Undernutrition and Behavioral Development in Children.† The Journal of Nutrition Vol. 125, No. 8S (August 1995). http://www.unu.edu/ (accessed on April 6, 2015). Sato, Mistlina, et al. â€Å"Poverty and Payne: Supporting Teachers to Work with Children of Poverty.† Phi Delta Kappan Vol. 90, No. 5 (January 2009): 365-370. http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com (accessed April 6, 2015). Shipler, David K. The Working Poor: Invisible in America. New York: Random House, Inc., 2004. Weissbourg, Richard. â€Å"The ‘Quiet’ Troubles of Low-Income Children.† The Education Digest Vol. 74, No. 5 (January 2009): 4-8. http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com (accessed April 6, 2015).

Deceptive Females of Homers Odyssey Essay -- Homer, Odyssey Essays

The Deceptive Females of Homer's Odyssey      Ã‚   Homer's Odyssey is probably the most famous and well-known epic of all time. This tale relates the adventures of the archetypal hero, Odysseus. Odysseus' long journey home takes him to many different places where he encounters many different monsters and creatures, but there are certain recurrent elements throughout. The most common themes in the Odyssey are forgetfulness, willingness to risk pain for pleasure, and sexual temptation.    When comparing the Sirens episode with Odysseus' other adventures, one can observe an emergence and repetition of these themes. The most obvious comparison that can be drawn between the Sirens episode and most other adventures is the theme of forgetfulness. The same idea is repeated in Odysseus' adventures with Calypso, Circe, and, most importantly, the Lotus-eaters. The Sirens are all knowing, beautiful creatures that attract men with their songs about the world, but those who give in and stop to listen can never leave. Fortunately, the Sirens are unable to draw Odysseus in because he has been forewarned by Circe and knows how to resist. "but melt wax of honey and with it stop your companions' ears, so none can listen." (12.47-48) Once he hears their song, he forgets about his homeland and wants to be set free so that he can listen to their song. "fastened me with even more lashings and squeezed me tighter." (12.196) Without... ..., Audiences, and Narrators in the Odyssey, Ann Arbor 1995. Felson-Rubin, Nancy.   Regarding Penelope: From Courtship to Poetics, Princeton 1994. Foley,   Helene "Penelope as Moral Agent," in Beth Cohen, ed., The Distaff Side, Oxford 1995., pp. 93-115. Graham,   A. J.   "The Odyssey, History, and Women,"   Princeton 1992 Griffin, Jasper. Homer on Life and Death, Clarendon Press. 1980. Homer.   Odyssey trans E V Rieu, Penguin Books. 1950. Katz, Marilyn Arthur.   Penelope's Renown: Meaning and Indeterminacy in the Odyssey, Princeton 1991. Lefkowitz,   Mary.   "Seduction and Rape in Greek Myth," 17-37. Schein,   Seth. "Female Representations and Interpreting the Odyssey," by pp. 17-27.   

Saturday, August 17, 2019

The Puppet Master of Rome: the Mother-Son Relationship in Shakespeare’s Coriolanus

There is one thing in the world that everyone has: a mother. Some people never knew their mothers, some have bad relationships with their mothers, and some love their mothers more than anything else. In William Shakespeare’s Coriolanus, Caius Martius, or Coriolanus, has a very intense relationship with his mother, Volumnia. He loves, respects, fears, and is controlled by her. This is made very evident throughout the play. Everything she asks for is done promptly after a simple proclamation of her need for it.This includes anything from fetching a drink for her to calling off an attack on a city. Coriolanus has his mother’s voice in his ear throughout the play. Sometimes, it saves him, but it also gives him a lack of identity and ultimately causes his demise. The first time we are introduced to Volumnia is in Act 1, Scene iii of the play. She is sitting and sewing with Virgilia, Coriolanus’ wife, and Valeria, Virgillia’s friend. At this point in the play, C oriolanus is in battle, fighting the Volsces in the city of Corioles.Virgilia worries for the safety of her husband and prays that he comes back unharmed. Volumnia responds to her and lets the audience see what kind of mother she really is. As Virgilia expresses her concern for her husband’s well being, Volumnia proceeds to tell her that she would rather have her son die in battle than come back uninjured. She makes a short speech about how his injuries and his involvement in battle enforce his manhood. When he was but tender-bodied and the only son of my womb, when youth with comeliness plucked all gaze his way, when for a day of kings’ entreaties a mother should not sell him an hour from her beholding, I, considering how honor would become such a person – that it was no better than picturelike to hang by th’ wall, if renown made it not stir – was pleased to let him seek danger where he was like to find fame.To a cruel war I sent him, from whence he returned, his brows bound with oak, I tell thee, daughter, I sprang not more in joy at first hearing he was a man-child than now in first seeing he had proved himself a man. (I, iii, 5-17) In this speech, Volumnia makes it clear that she had always planned for Coriolanus to be a warrior and she would not be proud of him for any other reason. As their talk continues, Virgilia asks her how she would feel if her son died in battle. Volumnia responds to her by saying that is she had twelve sons, she would have rather â€Å"had eleven die nobly for their country than one voluptuously surfeit out of action. † (I, iii, 22-25) This statement reveals the to audience Volumnia’s obsession of gaining fame vicariously through her acclaimed war-hero son and her influence on her son becomes blatantly apparent.This demonstrated Volumnia’s gender role in her society, as well. Volumnia â€Å"manages to be heard in spite of [traditional gender roles]; nevertheless, there are s trict codes of conduct and societal expectations for the behavior of women, which Virgilia follows to the letter, although Volumnia cannot help but rebel. Coriolanus seems restricted by these same ideas [and] forced to act like a hardened man, and stung when he has to admit weakness, or show any emotion. † (Coriolanus Themes) This view is further enforced in the following act’s first scene, when Coriolanus returns.Volumnia and the others stand watching him and his army approach. Volumnia proclaims â€Å"O, he is wounded; I thank the gods for‘t. † (II, i, 118) She basks in the glory of his wounds and announces them to the crowd as he approaches. A darker side of Volumnia comes out in this scene. As trumpets sound, she looks upon her nearing son and says aloud â€Å"Before him he carries noise, and behind him he leaves tears. Death, that dark spirit, in’s nervy arms doth lie; which, being advanced, declines, and then men die. (II, i, 154-157) She also makes it known that she has faith in his position in the Consul, which has yet to be confirmed. This overbearing attitude of Volumnia’s has a huge influence on Coriolanus, but we don’t see the true extent of his dependence and commitment to her until act III, when Volumnia berates him for his actions in front of the citizens of the town and for the Senators, therefore, costing him his position as Consul member. Coriolanus had let his temper and disdain for the citizens and government overcome him and he insulted them all in various ways, including calling the Senators â€Å"barbarians† (III, i, 239).She enters by saying, â€Å"O, sir, sir, sir, I would have had you put your power well on, before you had worn it out. † (III, ii, 16-18) After berating him, she encourages him to go make amends with the people of the town and regain his popularity; she won’t give up her dreams quite yet. She also lets him know that she will guide him and he can  "go to them, with this bonnet in thy hand; and thus having far stretched it – here be with them – thy knee bussing the stones – for in such business action is eloquence [†¦]. (III, ii, 72-76) She later follows this statement with, â€Å"Prithee now, go and be ruled [†¦]†(III, ii, 89-90) This statement presents a sort of double entendre, seeing as she presently rules him and has for his entire life. She is not only telling him to hand himself over to the approval of the public, but to let her take him by the hand in doing so. Volumnia makes it known that she has everything to lose from Coriolanus’ failure. She even bluntly states, â€Å"[†¦] it is my more dishonor than thou to them. Come all to ruin!Let thy mother rather feel thy pride than thy dangerous stoutness, for I mock at death with as big heart as thou. Do as thou list. Thy valiantness was mine, thou suck’st it from me, but owe thy pride thyself. † (III, ii, 124- 130) To this, Coriolanus responds with compliance and goes immediately to the market place, asking of his mother, â€Å"chide me no more. † (III, ii, 132) Coriolanus cannot take much chastisement or reprimanding from his mother without caving in and doing exactly as she asks, for that is all he knows.Towards the end of the play, Coriolanus finally defies his mother and leaves Rome to side with the Volces. This is the first time he ever left her or did not follow her word in the entire play. However, before his attack on Rome, Volumnia uses the most epic of motherly guilt trips when she, Virgilia, and Valeria travel to the Volsces’ city to convince Coriolanus to stop the attack. She attempts to break his icy exterior to attack his heart and change his position on the coming war.She first attempts to stoke his ego and confirm his greatness, asking how he could make this decision. When that fails to reach him, she pushes the argument that they will have no place to go whe n their home is destroyed. When that also fails, she then pulls on his heartstrings and tells him that they will all die by the hands of the Volsces because of his commands. When she notices him beginning to doubt his position, she lays on the line â€Å"so, we will home to Rome, and die among our neighbors. [†¦] Yet give us our dispatch.I am hushed until our city be afire, and then I’ll speak a little. † (V, iii, 172-182) This finally reaches him. He breaks down to Aufidius and makes peace, refusing to continue the war. In the end, Vomumnia was praised by Rome for convincing her son to make peace and preventing the attack. He gained the hero status she wanted for her son. He did not resent her for it, but he did die to defend the honor of Rome. â€Å"Volumnia's reputation as the noblest Roman matron of them all is apparently the product of outmoded idealization of motherhood.Hofling, undoubtedly the best informed of the recent commentators, writes: ‘Volumn ia thus is seen to be an extremely unfeminine, non-maternal person, one who sought to mold her son to fit a preconceived image gratifying her own masculine (actually pseudo-masculine) strivings. Her method, we learn from the above and other speeches, was to withhold praise and the scant affection she had to give from any achievements except aggressive and exhibitionistic ones† (Putney) Coriolanus’ lack of independence from his mother created a lack of identity for himself.He did not know how to go about life without his mother, even at his age and having his own family. â€Å"Coriolanus' lack of identity is due to a controlling mother in a fatherless environment. According to the Freudian model for establishing male identity, Coriolanus is doomed. Nowhere is this more evident that at the end of the play, when Volumnia, his mother convinces him to spare Rome. He is wholly controlled by his mother, and has no voice of his own. He says, â€Å"Like a dull actor now,/ I ha ve forgot my part and I am out,/Even to full disgrace† (V, iii, 40-42).Following his mother's demands, he spares Rome, which leads directly to his demise. Thus, his controlling mother coupled with the absence of a father figure leads to his lack of identity, which leads to his death. † (Freudian Interpretation) Coriolanus even follows his mother’s desire for honor in death in battle during his final hour. He proclaims, â€Å"cut me to pieces, Volsces. Men and lads, stain all your edges on me. † (V, vi, 110-111) In the end, if it were not for Volumnia’s influence, her son may have lived a full life and been able to care for his family.In the same respect, there may have not been peace between Rome and the Volsces. Volumnia truly is the strength of Rome. Throughout the play, Volumnia never lost her courage or backed down from the challenges that could have prevented her and her son from achieving her status. She made it seem as though she would do anyt hing for the people she loved and the city that was her home, but she always had ulterior motives and clawed her way to the top, sacrificing her son along the way. Works Cited â€Å"Coriolanus Themes.† GradeSaver.com. 14 Mar. 2011. GradeSaver LLC.. 1999 . â€Å"Freudian Interpretation.† New York University.edu. 14 Mar. 2011. New York University. . Putney, Rufus. â€Å"Coriolanus | Mother-Son Relationship.† eNotes.com. 14 Mar. 2011. eNotes.com. 2011 .

Friday, August 16, 2019

Vagueness, Ambiguity and clarity in writing

Vagueness, Ambiguity, and Clarity In Writing Coastland Bullock June 29, 2014 CRT. 205 In example three, the ambiguity causes this statement to have a lot of vagueness. When dealing with a situation such as collecting money for a project, all details should be clearly and factually stated first. The first thing said Is, next Sunday; along with this should be a date.Also, when It says the collection will help with the cost I feel that the cost should be stated as well so that a goal can be set for the group as a whole. The rest of the statement is even more vague because all details of the project otherwise they may not be as willing to donate as much. Lastly, the end of the second sentence says to let the committee know if you would like to do something but they do not mention which committee is in charge of the project.Being able to understand this example is not very difficult because its kind of common sense what they are getting at but it is a little hard understand all the detail s so therefore they may be less likely to get more help with the project. With these types of announcements, thinking critically in order to be clear in your writing is a vital aspect o incorporate into our work. Thinking deeply into whatever we are doing is important so that the result is clear and on point.In example four, the entire statement is vague and unclear of what conclusion or point is trying to be made. I understood from reading it that they obviously agreed with what they read at first but as they continued to read they found out more, this type of writing makes this paragraph ambiguous. At first the reader agrees with what is being stated but after reading on, they become indecisive causing failure to make a choice. Never once was any information stated that said who, where, when, why, or what they were talking about.The example uses words such as they, both, sort of, the author, something, and anything. Using these types of words and phrases will automatically make an y writing or conversation vague and ambiguous. These two downfalls in writing influence understanding by not allowing the reader to know what is trying to be proved or concluded in the writing. This paragraph is not an example of clear writing because the writer was obviously not aware that whoever might read it may not know what or who they were talking about due to no details in the statement.

Thursday, August 15, 2019

Linear Programming to Solve Coal Blending Problem

17th International Mining Congress and Exhibition of Turkey- IMCET 2001,  © 2001, ISBN 975-395-417-4 Optimum Blending of Coal by Linear Programming for the Power Plant at Seyitomer Coal Mine K. Erarslan, H. Aykul, H. Akcakoca & N. Cetin Dumlup? nar University, Department of Mining Engineering, 43100, Kutahya, Turkey ABSTRACT: In this study, a linear programming model is developed to determine the optimum coal blend in terms of quality and quantity. Coal with various features is mined from different panels of Seyitomer Lignite Coal District and fed to a nearby power plant.The quality of the coal is extremely variable through the horizontal and vertical directions, which entails the precise planning of coal blending during the mining and stockpiling stages. Otherwise, a large penalty has to be paid to the power plant. In this study, the objective is to match the calorific values required by the power plant. The quality features and production capacities of coal from different panels are determined and are used in quality constraints. The power plant requires coal in two groups, which are of different qualities and quantities.Therefore, two linear programming models complementing each other are developed in order to determine the blending conditions that satisfy the needs of the plant. The models are introduced and solved m the LINDO package program. Reasonable solutions are obtained and optimal amounts of blending are handled. The model also allows the evaluation of coal panels of low quality. 1 INTRODUCTION' Linear Programming (LP) is one of the most widely used methods of operation research for decision problems.This method is a reasonable and reliable procedure for determining the optimum distribution of resources, optimal production, minimum cost, maximum profit, etc. , which comprise the objectives (Ozturk, 1997). In this method, decision parameters to make the objective optimal are linear or assumed to be linear (Taha, 1992, Hillier and Liebermann, 1995). The general form of the problem is formed by objective function and subjected constraints; (1) (2) where; Z= objective of the model Cj = coefficient of/* decision variable (1=1,2 Xj = / * decision variable N) oefficient of decision variable (i=l,2,.. ,m) b, = limited resource for iJ* constraint LP approximation is widely used in mining as well as in other industrial fields. Open pit limits, production scheduling, material flow in processing plants, blending, equipment selection, method selection, transportation, etc. , are its main applications (Chanda and Wilke, 1992, Dijilani and Dowd, 1994, Huang, 1993, Mann and Wilke, 1992, Meyer, 1969, Smith and You, 1995). However, investment, planning, or selection, in other words any actions requiring decision, can be optimized.Especially in open pit mines and underground mines feeding coal to power plants, the quality and quantity of coal is crucial because the burner blocks of power plants are designed according to specific features of co al. Inability to match coal quality and quantity to these specific features results in either penalty costs for the coal enterprise or a decrease in the power plant's efficiency. In addition, inconsistent coal features lead to wear in the power plant's burning units and all integrated components.In this respect, coal-producing enterprises try to match their coal features to power plants' specifications by blending and homogenizing coal extracted from different panels and levels. Satisfying the requirements of the plant is achieved by selective 719 = mining and/or blending. In this study, a relevant case is considered. Seyitomer coal enterprise in Kutahya, Turkey has problems of quality and quantity in supplying the nearby power plant. A well-planned and organized blending procedure and, accordingly, production plan is necessary.In this paper, the problem, is modeled in terms of linear programming and reasonable solutions are obtained. 2 SEYITOMER COAL ENTERPRISE AND ITS PROBLEM Seyi tomer Lignite Enterprise (SLE) is located 20 km. northwest of Kutahya city center. The basin is characterized as Late Miocene-early Pliocene. The lignite seams in Seyitomer basin consist of two horizontal levels (0-7 ° S), referred to as A and B seams, according to their depths. The seams are separated from each other by waste interbedded formations whose thickness vary from 10 to 50 m.These two seams may exhibit variation according to their occurrence in three sub-regions (Seyitomer, Aslanl? , Ayval? ), where the geological coal formation has been determined by drill holes. The thickness of the A seam, located at the top level of the basin, varies in the range of 5-25 m. {Sofrelec, 1967). The thickness of B seam varies in the range of 2-30 m. In the basin, these two seams are rarely observed together. The seam defined as A Is deposited only in the Seyitomer region and the coal occurrences in the Aslanl? nd Ayval? regions. The B seam consists of 3 different sublevels, referred to, from Uie top to the base of the seam, as B[, B2, Bj Their calorific values decrease towards to the seam base as the interbedded layers get thicker. The upper level coal seams B| and B2, which have a high calorific value and are produced in sorted size and quality (+100 mm), have supplied the market for public heating. The B3 coal, which is of low quality and contains fine coal (-100 mm) from the processing plant, is sold to the power plant.At the enterprise, production is performed by the open pit mining method. The overburden, whose thickness varies from 35 to 60 m. , is loosened by drilling and blasting. The stripping method is the excavator and truck and dragline method. The 1 electrical excavators have a 10-yd bucket volume and the dragline has a 70-yd bucket capacity. Production and transportation are also by excavatortruck and loader-truck meu? ods. It is impossible to process the coal with wet washing techniques.For this reason, only crushing, sieving and sorting can be appl ied to the coals of the region. There are three plants working for the power plant and three plants working for the market in the enterprise. The coal is dispatched to the market or the power plant according to its quality. 720 Recently, in terms of quality and quantity the demands of the plant have not been fulfilled and in order to overcome the problem selective mining has been used. Consequently, there is an increasing tendency to use ripping and bulldozers and loaders (Aykul, 2000). APPLICATION OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING IN SLE 3. 1 Definition of the Problem In Seyitomer Coal Mine, six different coal types produced from different panels and levels are treated. The terms for these coals, their average calorific values and annual quantity to be extracted according to Ideal planning are shown in Table 1. These coals need to be blended in accordance with the specifications required by the power plant's burning units. Seyitomer power plant has four burning units. The operating conditions of these units are shown in Table 2.The annual coal requirement of the power plant is 6,000,000 tons: the first three burning units (Unit 1, Unit 2 and Unit 3), with the same requirements, need 4,500,000 tons, while the last burning unit (Unit 4) requires 1,500,000 tons. Table 1. Determined features of coal types according to ideal planning in SLE Coal Type Calorific Amount Value (ton/year) (kcal/kg) FineCoal(-lOO) (From Plants) 1675 2,000,000 Stock of Kizik 1750 800,000 Stock of Marl 1428 > 250,000 B| Level 2000 < 600,000 B; Level 1800 < 600,000 B, Level 1600 > 1,500,000 Table 2.Operating Conditions of Power Plant Power Plant Base Heat Content Grain Size (mm) Units (Kcal/kg) Unit 1 1750 ± 100 0-200 Unit2 1750+100 0-200 Umt3 1750 ± 100 0-200 Unit 4 1600  ± ! 00 0-200 The blending requirements of the coal are as follows: i. Coal coming from the processing plants (fine coal), and that produced from the stock of Kizik, stock of marl, the B3 level, B2 level and B| level can supply Unit 1, Unit 2 and Unit 3. it. Coal produced from the stock of Kizik, stock of marl and B3 level can supply Unit 4.Two different linear models were developed since there are two design specifications in the power plant. Therefore, first, the amount of coal of the B3 level and stock of K? z? k are determined fo. ‘ Unit 4 with the help of the first linear program, and then the rest of the determined amounts are used in the second linear program developed for Unit 1, Unit 2 and Unit 3. After determining these conditions, the main aim is to obtain coal blends that have the maximum heating calorific value in the range of specifications (Kaya, 2000). . 2 Constitution 0/the Model The objective function for Unit 4 maximizing the first blend's calorific value, which has a maximum limitation by the constraints, is shown in Equation 1 : (3) Subjected to Equations 4 to 11: (4) (5) The restrictions are shown in Equations 13 to 21. 4,500,000 (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) Here, X2 : Amount of coal from stock of K? z? k, t. Xj : Amount of coal from stock of marl, t. Xe : Amount of coal from B3 level, t.The objective function for Unit 1, Unit 2 and Unit 3 maximizing the second blend's calorific value restricted by a subjected constraint is shown in Equation 12. (12) Amount of fine coal from processing plants, t. Amount of coal from stock of K? z? k, t. Amount of coal from B| level, t. Amount of coal from B2 level, t. Amount of coal from B3 level, t. 3. 3 Solutions of Models The LINDO package program is used to solve the models. The optimum quality and quantity results of the final tables for Unit 4 are shown In Table 3 (Kaya, 2000). Table 3 Final results of model for Urul 4 Coal Types Coal Amount Heal Content (ton/year) (kcal/kg) Stock of K? ? k 500. 000* 1750 (X2) Stock of marl (X,) 250,000* 1428 750. 000* 1600 B, Level (X,) 1,500. 000 Blend of Coals 1620 5* h *Optimam values ai 7†² iteration As it may be seen in Table 3, t he blend quality of the coal is found to be 1620 kcal/kg. This value is within the range of the specific design values of Unit 4. The final tables for Unit 1, Unit 2 and Unit 3 are shown in Table 4. 721 Table 4. Final results of model for Unit 4 Coal Amount Heat Content Coal Types (ton/year) (kcal/kg) 2,000,000* 1675 Fine coal (Xi) Stock of K? z? k 300,000* 1750